QUANTUM COSMOLOGY, NEW SCALING, MASS OF OSCILLATING NEUTRINO AND LIFE
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
"Suppose, for simplicity, that there is the God. Yes. The question is why He will do explosions? Why show bad example for future terrorists on Earth?..." (E. A. Novikov, Essay "God and explosions", 2012).
Abstract
From the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), supported by cosmic data (without fitting), a new quantum scaling is derived. This scaling indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from the background matter. Based on this scaling, mass of neutrino is estimated in agreement with experimental bounds. The neutrino oscillations are explained in terms of interaction with the background quantum condensate of gravitons. Subjective experiences (qualia) and functioning of living cell are also connected with the background condensate.
Key words: quantum cosmology, scaling, neutrino, qualia.
In the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory, the matter (energy) is produced continuously by the vacuum. Qmoger equations [1-3] differ from the Einstein equations of general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for the production of matter. In Qmoger, production of new particles from the background matter takes place in local bangs in a manner, which is described by exact general analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [4].
The simplest situation with production of matter is when averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In Ref. 5 a more general situation is considered with w=ρc²+p=w₀ (w - density of enthalpy, p - pressure, c - speed of light). Taking into account, that averaged pressure is small, for many purposes the dust approximation (p=0) is useful. In this case, the large-scale dynamics of the universe in Qmoger theory is determined by three physical parameters: gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})), #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP, includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [2, 3], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [6, 2, 3, 5] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. Solution (2) do not have any fitting parameters and quantitatively agrees with cosmic data [6, 2, 3, 5]. This solution also eliminates major controversies, such as critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass. With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[2, 3], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2} is the Planck scale. EDM of background particles can explain the baryon asymmetry in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry. It is shown [2, 3], that such particles form quantum condensate even for high temperature [2, 3].
In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [5], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
During formation of galaxies, in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new particles are synthesized. In these processes, instead of gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}≈10⁻²cm #3
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}((ħ/c))^{3/4}≈ 3. 13×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #4
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of first generation particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [7]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=((ħ/(ρ₀)))^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #5
could be associated with the neutrino oscillations. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of ultralight gravitons with indicated above tiny EDM [2, 3]. The averaged number of background particles interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can create waves in the background and temporary carry along coherent groups of background particles. This will affect its effective mass and flavor.
The new scaling predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹g^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹. #6
Note, that Qmoger theory with its seeping gravitons [2, 3] could also lead to correction of some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [8]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality.
The big bonus of Qmoger is the explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction between background dipolar condensate and the neuron system [9]. The action potentials of living cells, particularly, neurons [10], create traps and coherent patterns in the condensate, which we actually see and feel. By manipulating with action potentials and quantifying qualia response, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter.
References
[1] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[2] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[3] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in a (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Theor. Fiz., 57, 938--940 (1969) [Soviet Physics JETP, 30 (3), 512-513 (1970)], arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[5] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic processes in cosmology, astrophysics and at home (submitted for publication).
[6] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[8] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[9] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.