EMERGENCE OF THE LAWS OF NATURE
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
"All theory, dear friend, is gray, but the golden tree of life springs ever green".
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), supported by the cosmic data without fitting, it is suggested that the vacuum is producing matter with random properties. The stable types of matter survive, the unstable absorbed by the vacuum. All laws of nature are emergent and approximate, including the conservation of energy.
Saturday, October 28, 2017
Thursday, September 28, 2017
HOLY COSMIC CONDENSATE OF ULTRALIGHT GRAVITONS WITH ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger) is supported by cosmic data (without fitting). Qmoger equations consist of Einstein equations with two additional terms responsible for production/absorption of matter. In Qmoger cosmology there was no Big Bang and matter is continuously producing by the Vacuum. Particularly, production of the ultralight gravitons with possible tiny electric dipole moment was started about 284 billion years ago. Quantum effects dominate interaction of these particles and they form the quantum condensate. Under influence of gravitation, the condensate is forming galaxies and producing ordinary matter, including photons. As one important result of this activity, it recently created us, the people, and continues to support us. Particularly, our subjective experiences (qualia) are a result of an interaction between the background condensate and the neural system of the brain. The action potentials of neural system create traps and coherent dynamic patterns in the dipolar condensate. So, qualia are graviton-based, which can open new directions of research in biology and medicine. At the same time, a specialized study of qualia can open a new window into the dark sector of matter. The Qmoger theory explains why most of the ordinary particles are fermions, predicts the mass of neutrino (in accord with the experimental bound) and explained their oscillations (between three flavors) in terms of interaction with the background condensate. The achievements of the Standard Model and the Quantum Field Theory can be combined with the Qmoger theory.
Key words: cosmology with continuous production of energy, ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment, biophysics, qualia.
1. Introduction.
The level of a civilization, to a high degree, is determined by its cosmology. To the oldest question - Who we are?- this article, based on the described below quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), gives the answer: "We are creatures of the cosmic quantum condensate of ultralight dipolar gravitons - particles, which started to seep from the Vacuum about 284 billion years ago". How does it sound? Let us take it slowly. First of all, in Qmoger the matter/energy is produced continuously. This is in contrast with the conventional Big Bang cosmology [1] with singular release of energy about 13.7 billion years ago. Some problems with Big Bang theory are described in Ref. 1, 2. Additional critical analysis of the old cosmology and main results of new cosmology, supported by cosmic data (without fitting, see below), were presented in Ref. 3, 4 and references there. In the new cosmology, our universe was quietly born in the infinite past (mathematically speaking). At those times there was nothing but the Vacuum with small quantum fluctuations. Than, about 327 billion years (by) ago an embryonic universe was born with size about Planck length l_{P}=(G_{∗}ħc )^{1/2}∼1.6×10⁻³⁷cm ( G_{∗}=Gc⁻⁴, G - gravitation constant, c - speed of light, ħ - Planck constant) and mass:
M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram, #1
where ρ₀ is the current averaged mass density of the universe. At this stage, one may naturally ask two questions: why 327 by and why ρ₀? Qmoger theory answer these and other questions ( even more important). 2. Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger).
Qmoger equations are presented in the Appendix along with derivation of exact analytical solution:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²], L_{∗}=(G_{∗}ε₀)^{-1/2}, τ=ct. #2
Here a(τ) is the time dependent averaged size of the universe (scale factor), subscript 0 indicate initial (current) value, ε₀=ρ₀c² is the energy density, H₀ is Hubble constant, divided by c - current value of H(τ)=a/a, where dot indicate differentiation with respect to τ. Solution (2) corresponds to constant energy density ε(τ)=ε₀. That is why we have ρ₀ in (1). According to WMAP data [5], we use ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gram⋅cm⁻³, which includes dark and ordinary matter, but not the so called dark energy, which we do not need in our theory.
In fact, problems with dark energy (ridiculously small cosmological constant) were a major motivation for the Qmoger theory, presented originally in Ref. 6. This work was presided by invention of new type of fluid, namely, dynamics of distributed sources/sinks [7,8], which in turn where presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [9]. I love to simplify things and to get analytical solutions (second motivation for Qmoger). In Ref. 9 it was shown, particularly, that Newtonian gravitation leads to singularities in spacial dimensions 1 and 2. So, the third motivation for Qmoger was to get rid of singularities, particularly, from Big Bang - see, how smooth is function (2).
Solution (2) formally gives beginning of the universe at infinite past with a(-∞)=0. But, (2) is the solution of the differential equations for the time-space metric, which is supposed to be smooth. So, in frame of the Qmoger theory, it seems natural to start with size l_{P}, when we can expect formation of smooth spacetime metric. Putting a(τ)=l_{P} in (2), we get equation for τ. Solution of this equation, corresponding to the past, gives 327 by [10, 4].
According to (2), evolution of the universe is determined by characteristic physical scale L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly), which is comparable with the size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Remarkably, H₀L_{∗}≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because currently a(τ) is relatively close to its maximum. Indeed, after reaching maximum a_{max}≈1,32a₀ at t_{max}≈12.6by from now, a(τ) decreases and a(∞)=0 (see details in Ref. 4).
It seems natural to assume that mass m₀ of the dark matter particles (DMP), which fill out the universe, is determined by condition that the relativistic uncertainty of partial position [11] (or Compton wavelength) ħ/m₀c is of order of L_{∗}. This gives:
m₀=ħ(G_{∗}ρ₀)^{1/2}∼5⋅10⁻⁶⁷gram. #3
These particles we call gravitons, because only gravity field was used in the theory. In this paper we will not compare such definition with many definitions and use of gravitons in the literature [12]. Let us only stress, that Qmoger theory is not Hamiltonian ( see also Appendix). Gravitons in this theory are not virtual, but real particles with small, but finite mass (3) [compare with electron mass m_{e}∼9⋅10⁻²⁹gram] and, possibly, with some electromagnetic properties (see below).
Concentration of gravitons n and characteristic scale l (averaged distance between them) are:
n=ρ₀/m₀∼0.5⋅10³⁷cm⁻³, l=n^{-1/3}∼0,27⋅10⁻¹²cm. #4
The mass of the embryonic universe (1) indicates, that there are particles (or quasiparticles) with masses smaller than the mass of graviton m₀. We will call such particles vacumos (see also below). It seems that a metrical part of the Vacuum is feeding the universe with vacumos, not unlike an ovary is feeding a fruit, and becomes a part of it. The supply of vacumos may come from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not need to be equipped with a metric. To determine when universe started to produce gravitons, we put a(τ)=l into (2), solve equation for τ and got the result: 284 by ago [10, 4]. So, it took 43 by of "incubation" to accommodate universe for production of gravitons.
Formula (2) does not have any fitting parameters and shows good quantitative agreement with cosmological observations (SnIa, SDSS-BAO and reduction of acceleration of the expanding Universe [13]). Comparison with observational data was made in Refs. 14, 15, 3 , see also Fig.1 below. We can not expect better agreement of a global solution with data obtained from particular galaxies, evolution of which does not have to be synchronized. Effect of local bangs in galaxies on scale factor is described in terms of isenthalpic process (w≡ρc²+p=w₀, where p is pressure) [16]. Let us stress, solution (2) avoids major longtime controversies [critical density of the universe, dark energy (ridiculously small cosmological constant) and inflation].
The ultralight gravitons have huge concentration (4). The "ordinary" matter (OM) in this theory was synthesized from dark matter in galaxies [3, 4]. Averaged concentration (4) is not only enormous, but also constant. It means, that these particles somehow communicate with each other and polarize vacuum in order to maintain averaged distance l (4). Remember, that we are dealing with unusual fluid [7, 8]. The thermal de Brogle wavelength [17] for the temperature of the universe T≈2.73K is many orders bigger than l: ħc(lk_{B}T)⁻¹≈3⋅10¹¹ (k_{B} - Boltzmann constant). This estimate is for massless particles. For nonrelativistic gravitons with mass m₀ the relation is ħl⁻¹(m₀k_{B}T)^{-1/2}≈7⋅10¹³. So, the quantum effects, such as Bose-Einstein condensate, can dominate, even for high temperature.
In the areas of gravitational condensation (future galaxies) the density was much higher than (4). With certain critical density, we can expect local bangs (recall Ref. 9) with multiple collisions and formation of new particles in some sort of "natural selection". During the steady and stable expansion of the universe, the ordinary matter (OM) was synthesized in this way, probably, starting with light particles. Particularly, the production of neutrinos from the background gravitons and the oscillation (between the three flavors) are described recently [18, 19] in frames of Qmoger. The estimated mass m_{∗}=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 13⋅10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c² [18, 19] corresponds to the experimental bound [20]. The neutrino oscillations are example of an interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom). Another and possibly related example of Idom is our subjective experiences (see below). The introduced above vacumos could be expected to participate in both these phenomena.
The background condensate of gravitons, being under pressure in galaxies, is forming new particles and expels them from the hot places. This explains why most of the ordinary particles are fermions, obeying the Pauly exclusion principle. This also can lead to an additional acceleration of ordinary matter relative to the background condensate, which will be considered in detail in future work. These processes were accompanied by radiation, which is reflected in cosmic microwave background (CMB). The eqilibrium character of CMB and the small global curvature of the universe are naturally explained by the large amount of time available for the evolution. Some peculiarities of CMB can be associated with synthesis of various particles in expanding universe. Particularly, the observed anisotropy of CMB can be connected with nonsynchronous processes in galaxies.
In context of the type of evolution, which is described by exact solution (2), what we call ordinary matter is, in fact, an exotic matter, which was synthesized from gravitons and, so far, constitute about 15% of the total mass of the universe ( standard 4% corresponds to inclusion of dark energy). Taking into account the history of the universe, the vacumos (see above), the indicated below spectrum of mass and mediators between gravitons and OM ( perhaps, connected with vacumos), we can not be sure that graviton is elementary particle. Moreover, we can not be sure that gravitons obeys all the rules of the conventional quantum theory. It is possible, that gravitons and mediators produce some quantum effects for "ordinary" matter (see new interpretation of quantum theory [21]).
3. Electric dipole moment of gravitons.
The baryonic asymmetry of the universe ( prevalence of matter over antimatter ) can be explained if gravitons have nonzero electric dipole moment (EDM). Indeed, EDM of primary particles can break the reflection symmetry and give advantage to matter over antimatter. It will also help to explain synthesis of some particles from the dipolar quantum condensate. Additionally, EDM of gravitons helps to explain qualia [22] and brightens the dark sector of matter (see also next section and Appendix). In a mean time, simple estimation can be made in frame of Qmoger. From mass m₀ (3), l_{P} and c we have unique expression for EDM:
d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2×10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{5/2}sec⁻¹ #5
There is also scale l₀=m₀Gc⁻²∼4⋅10⁻⁹⁵cm, which is much smaller than l_{P}. So, we have small nondimensional parameter ν=l₀/l_{P}∼2.5⋅10⁻⁶² and more general formula d=m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}cN(ν). We will get (5), assuming that N(0) is finite. Using ν, we have spectrum of mass: m(α)=m₀ν^{α}. Scale l₀ and vacumos (for α>0) can be related not only to the early evolution, including indicated above "incubation" period, but also to mediators. Vacumos and mediators are potentially observable, particularly, in connection with the neutrino oscillations [18, 19] and qualia.
Let us note, that presented calculations of mass (3) and EDM (5), actually, do not require the full acceptance of the Qmoger theory. It is sufficient to accept, that ρ₀ is an important parameter.
4. Conclusions.
In the described theory we got that gravitons constitute omnipresent background in the universe. As a result of gravitation, from that background emerged OM. The indicated above mediators can be produced spontaneously, or during collisions. The "plasma" of gravitons and mediators produces ordinary matter, including photons. So, we got interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom). Such interface very likely exists not only in cosmos, but everywhere, including our body and our brain¹⁾. A model of Idom is described in Ref. 22. From that model it follows that our subjective experiences (qualia) are manifestations of Idom and can be used as a natural detector of interaction between gravitons and ordinary matter. The typical action potentials (say, 30mV ) [23] of neural system can easily create traps and coherent dynamic patterns in the dipolar condensate with obtained above values of particle mass (3) and EDM (5). The necessary for qualia enormous number of degrees of freedom is supplied by huge concentration of gravitons (4). So, our subjective experiences are graviton-based. This can open new directions of research in biology and medicine. It also justify the given above answer to the big question: Who we are? - at the present level of understanding.
That answer suggest a specialized study of qualia, which can shed some light on the nature of the dipolar condensate of gravitons. The EDM (5) is small and existing telescopes do not see gravitons (dark matter). It seems also difficult to observe gravitons in the supercollider and in other high-energy machines. But we actually see the collective effects (condensate) of gravitons in qualia. By manipulating with action potentials of the neuron system and quantifying qualia responses, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter. The neutrino oscillations are also connected to Idom [18, 19] and investigation of both phenomena (experimentally and in terms of Qmoger) can be mutually beneficial.
Appendix: Qmoger equations.
Qmoger equations, introduced in Ref. 6 and discussed in more detail in Ref. 4, differ from the Einstein equations by two additional terms responsible for production/absorption of matter by the vacuum:
R_{i}^{k}-(1/2)δ_{i}^{k}R=8πG_{∗}T_{i}^{k}+λ_{N}δ_{i}^{k},T_{i}^{k}=wu_{i}u^{k}-δ_{i}^{k}p,w=ε+p, #A1
λ_{N}=λ₀+β((dσ)/(ds))+γσ²,σ=((∂u^{k})/(∂x^{k}))+(1/(2g))((dg)/(ds)),(d/(ds))=u^{k}(∂/(∂x^{k})) #A2
Here R_{i}^{k} is the curvature tensor, p, ε and w are pressure, energy density and enthalpy density, respectively, G_{∗}=Gc⁻⁴(G- gravitational constant, c- speed of light), u^{k} - components of velocity (summation over repeated indexes is assumed from 0 to 3, x⁰=τ=ct), λ₀ is the cosmological constant (which we will put zero), σ is the covariant divergency, β and γ are nondimensional parameters (with particular choice β=2γ=2/3, see below) and g is the determinant of the metric tensor. With β=γ=0 we recover the classical equations of GR. Let us note that curvature terms in lhs of (A1) and additional terms dσ/ds and σ² all contain second order (or square of first order) derivatives of metric tensor, which make these terms compatible. The importance of σ also follows from the fact that it is the only dynamic characteristic of media, which enters into the balance of the proper number density of particles n: dn/ds+σn=q, where q is the rate of particle production (or absorption) by the vacuum. So, if n is constant (see the exact analytical solution (A7) below) or changing slowly, than the σ-effect is, certainly, very important in quantum cosmology. The σ-terms were introduces [6] with such physical argumentation on base of previous works [7-9]. Later, in the case β=2γ, equations (A1, A2) were derived from the variational principle by simply replacing the cosmological constant λ₀ (in the Lagrangian) by λ=λ₀-γσ²[14]. Indeed, the variation of ∫d⁴x(-g)^{1/2}σ² with respect to the metric tensor produces the two σ-terms in (A1, A2) [14]. But, the system is not Hamiltonian, the vacuum is feeding the universe, so, the standard approach is not appropriate²⁾. Parameters (β,γ), generally, depend on the equation of state [16].
Some exact analytical solutions of equations (A1, A2) where obtained in Ref. 6. On the basis of these solutions, it was concluded that the effect of spacetime stretching (σ) explains the accelerated expansion of the universe and for negative σ (collapse) the same effect can prevent formation of singularity. Equations (A1, A2) reproduce Newtonian gravitation in the nonrelativistic asymptotic, but gravitational waves can propagate with speed, which is not necessary equal to speed of light [14]. This give us a hint that gravitons may have finite mass.
The natural next step was quantitative comparison with cosmological data and choice of parameters β and γ. Let us consider equations for the scale factor a(τ) in homogeneous isotropic universe, derived from (A1, A2) by standard procedure [Eq. (8,9) in Ref. 6, or Eq. (3, 4) in Ref. 4]:
(2-3β)(a/a)+(1+3β-9γ)((a/a))²+(k/(a²))-λ₀=-8πG_{∗}p, #A3
-β(a/a)+(1+β-3γ)((a/a))²+(k/(a²))-((λ₀)/3)=((8π)/3)G_{∗}ε. #A4
Here points indicate differentiation over τ, the discrete curvature parameter k=0,+1,-1 corresponds to flat, closed and open universe, respectively.
With indicated in Ref. 6 unique choice β=2γ=2/3, these equations take simple form:
(k/(a²))=λ₀-8πG_{∗}p, #A5
H=((3k)/(2a²))-((λ₀)/2)-4πG_{∗}ε, H≡(a/a) #A6
From (A5) with λ₀=0, we see that sign of curvature is opposite to sign of pressure. From observations we know that global curvature is close to zero. So, the dust approximation (p=0 ) is natural for this theory with λ₀=0 and β=2γ=2/3.
In the dust approximation with λ₀=0,k=0, two special cases for system (A3, A4) have been indicated [6]: 1) for β=2/3 and γ≠1/3 stationary solution exist; 2) for β=2γ the global energy is conserved, except for β=2γ=2/3. The choice β=2γ=2/3 is exceptional and in the dust approximation with λ₀=0,k=0, equation (A5) is identity and from (A6) we have exact analytical Gaussian solution:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],L_{∗}=(G_{∗}ε₀)^{-1/2} #A7
Here subscript 0 indicate present epoch (τ=0) and H₀ is the Hubble constant. In the analogous solution, obtained in [14], instead of ε₀ was ε₀+λ₀/8πG_{∗}, for generality.
Solution (A7) corresponds to continuous and metric-affecting production of dark matter (DM) particles out of vacuum, with its density ρ₀=ε₀c⁻² being retain constant during the expansion of spatially flat universe. In this solution there is no critical density of the universe, which is a kind of relief.
The solution (A7) is shown [14] to be globally stable in the regime of cosmological expansion until t_{max} about 12.6 billion years from now. After that time, the solution becomes unstable and characterizes the inverse process of dark matter particle absorption by the vacuum in the regime of contraction of the universe. More general class of solutions of Qmoger equations is presented in Ref. 4, 16.
In Qmoger equations we can have some extra terms (Qmoger+) to account for electromagnetic (EM) and other fields, but the presented above σ-terms seems to be unique. Inclusion of EM field in Qmoger is needed for problem of graviton-induced radiation from stars and hot planets (such as Jupiter and Saturn) [16], as well as for investigation of qualia [22 ]. At the same time, Qmoger with its seeping gravitons could lead to correction of some deficiencies in the Quantum Field Theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [24]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality. In future, we can combine the achievements of the Standard model and the Quantum Field Theory with Qmoger. This will definitely open new directions of research in physics.
¹⁾ It did not escape my attention, that this approach has important philosophical consequences. Particularly, nonmaterial entities can be considered as interfaces (or collections of interfaces) between different types of matter. Also, the approach can be imbedded in a mathematical structure, similar to the category theory [25], with morphisms (see Ref. 22) and formalized interfaces, but that is another story.
²⁾Note, that Newton and Einstein did not use the Lagrangian and the variational principle. Unfortunately, these days the physical and common sense are often replaced by the variational principle. We can blame textbooks, which are convenient to base on the variational principle. In my opinion, it can lead theoretical physics astray.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[6] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[8] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[9] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[10] E. A. Novikov, Age of the universe and more, J. of Cosmology v. 25, 13442-13452 (2015).
[11] V. B. Berestetskii, E. M. Lifshitz & L. P. Pitaevskii, Quantum Electrodynamics, Pergamon press (1982).
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton.
El-Nabulsi, Rami Ahmad, Gravitons in Fractional Action Cosmology, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51 (2012) 3978. R. Casadio, A. Giugno, A. Giusti, Matter and gravitons in the gravitational collapse, Phys. Lett. B763 (2016) 337. C. de Pham, J. T. Deaskins, A. J. Tolley and S-Y. Zhot, Graviton mass bounds, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 (2017), 025004. A. F. Zakharov, P. Jovanovicc, D. Borka and V. B. Jovanovic, Graviton mass trajectories of bright stars at the Galactic Center, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 798 (2017) 01081.
[13] A. Shfieloo, V. Sahni, & A. Starobinsky, Is cosmic acceleration slowing down?, Phys. Rev. D 80, 101301(R) (2009).
[14] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[15] E. A. Novikov & S Chefranov, A quiet cosmology and halo around the visible universe, J. of Cosmology 16, 6884 (2011).
[16] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication).
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_de_Broglie_wavelength
[18] E. A. Novikov, Feeding the universe, quantum scaling and stable neutrinos (submitted for publication).
[19] E. A. Novikov, A possibility of brain stimulation by oscillating neutrinos (submitted for publication).
[20] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[21] E. A. Novikov, Random shooting of entangled particles in vacuum, arXiv:0707.3299.
[22] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[24] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[25] J. C. Baez and M. Stay, Topology, logic and computation: a Rosetta stone, arXiv:0903.0340
[Figure]
Fig.1. Comparison of exact analytical solution (2) with results of two observational projects and with some parametric models (details in Ref. 14, 15). Here z=a₀/a-1 is the redshift, m-M is the distance module as function of z, m and M are apparent and absolute magnitudes of the source correspondingly. The observations are model-independent.
Submitted for publication, posted at viXra:1709.0401
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger) is supported by cosmic data (without fitting). Qmoger equations consist of Einstein equations with two additional terms responsible for production/absorption of matter. In Qmoger cosmology there was no Big Bang and matter is continuously producing by the Vacuum. Particularly, production of the ultralight gravitons with possible tiny electric dipole moment was started about 284 billion years ago. Quantum effects dominate interaction of these particles and they form the quantum condensate. Under influence of gravitation, the condensate is forming galaxies and producing ordinary matter, including photons. As one important result of this activity, it recently created us, the people, and continues to support us. Particularly, our subjective experiences (qualia) are a result of an interaction between the background condensate and the neural system of the brain. The action potentials of neural system create traps and coherent dynamic patterns in the dipolar condensate. So, qualia are graviton-based, which can open new directions of research in biology and medicine. At the same time, a specialized study of qualia can open a new window into the dark sector of matter. The Qmoger theory explains why most of the ordinary particles are fermions, predicts the mass of neutrino (in accord with the experimental bound) and explained their oscillations (between three flavors) in terms of interaction with the background condensate. The achievements of the Standard Model and the Quantum Field Theory can be combined with the Qmoger theory.
Key words: cosmology with continuous production of energy, ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment, biophysics, qualia.
1. Introduction.
The level of a civilization, to a high degree, is determined by its cosmology. To the oldest question - Who we are?- this article, based on the described below quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), gives the answer: "We are creatures of the cosmic quantum condensate of ultralight dipolar gravitons - particles, which started to seep from the Vacuum about 284 billion years ago". How does it sound? Let us take it slowly. First of all, in Qmoger the matter/energy is produced continuously. This is in contrast with the conventional Big Bang cosmology [1] with singular release of energy about 13.7 billion years ago. Some problems with Big Bang theory are described in Ref. 1, 2. Additional critical analysis of the old cosmology and main results of new cosmology, supported by cosmic data (without fitting, see below), were presented in Ref. 3, 4 and references there. In the new cosmology, our universe was quietly born in the infinite past (mathematically speaking). At those times there was nothing but the Vacuum with small quantum fluctuations. Than, about 327 billion years (by) ago an embryonic universe was born with size about Planck length l_{P}=(G_{∗}ħc )^{1/2}∼1.6×10⁻³⁷cm ( G_{∗}=Gc⁻⁴, G - gravitation constant, c - speed of light, ħ - Planck constant) and mass:
M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram, #1
where ρ₀ is the current averaged mass density of the universe. At this stage, one may naturally ask two questions: why 327 by and why ρ₀? Qmoger theory answer these and other questions ( even more important). 2. Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger).
Qmoger equations are presented in the Appendix along with derivation of exact analytical solution:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²], L_{∗}=(G_{∗}ε₀)^{-1/2}, τ=ct. #2
Here a(τ) is the time dependent averaged size of the universe (scale factor), subscript 0 indicate initial (current) value, ε₀=ρ₀c² is the energy density, H₀ is Hubble constant, divided by c - current value of H(τ)=a/a, where dot indicate differentiation with respect to τ. Solution (2) corresponds to constant energy density ε(τ)=ε₀. That is why we have ρ₀ in (1). According to WMAP data [5], we use ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gram⋅cm⁻³, which includes dark and ordinary matter, but not the so called dark energy, which we do not need in our theory.
In fact, problems with dark energy (ridiculously small cosmological constant) were a major motivation for the Qmoger theory, presented originally in Ref. 6. This work was presided by invention of new type of fluid, namely, dynamics of distributed sources/sinks [7,8], which in turn where presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [9]. I love to simplify things and to get analytical solutions (second motivation for Qmoger). In Ref. 9 it was shown, particularly, that Newtonian gravitation leads to singularities in spacial dimensions 1 and 2. So, the third motivation for Qmoger was to get rid of singularities, particularly, from Big Bang - see, how smooth is function (2).
Solution (2) formally gives beginning of the universe at infinite past with a(-∞)=0. But, (2) is the solution of the differential equations for the time-space metric, which is supposed to be smooth. So, in frame of the Qmoger theory, it seems natural to start with size l_{P}, when we can expect formation of smooth spacetime metric. Putting a(τ)=l_{P} in (2), we get equation for τ. Solution of this equation, corresponding to the past, gives 327 by [10, 4].
According to (2), evolution of the universe is determined by characteristic physical scale L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly), which is comparable with the size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Remarkably, H₀L_{∗}≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because currently a(τ) is relatively close to its maximum. Indeed, after reaching maximum a_{max}≈1,32a₀ at t_{max}≈12.6by from now, a(τ) decreases and a(∞)=0 (see details in Ref. 4).
It seems natural to assume that mass m₀ of the dark matter particles (DMP), which fill out the universe, is determined by condition that the relativistic uncertainty of partial position [11] (or Compton wavelength) ħ/m₀c is of order of L_{∗}. This gives:
m₀=ħ(G_{∗}ρ₀)^{1/2}∼5⋅10⁻⁶⁷gram. #3
These particles we call gravitons, because only gravity field was used in the theory. In this paper we will not compare such definition with many definitions and use of gravitons in the literature [12]. Let us only stress, that Qmoger theory is not Hamiltonian ( see also Appendix). Gravitons in this theory are not virtual, but real particles with small, but finite mass (3) [compare with electron mass m_{e}∼9⋅10⁻²⁹gram] and, possibly, with some electromagnetic properties (see below).
Concentration of gravitons n and characteristic scale l (averaged distance between them) are:
n=ρ₀/m₀∼0.5⋅10³⁷cm⁻³, l=n^{-1/3}∼0,27⋅10⁻¹²cm. #4
The mass of the embryonic universe (1) indicates, that there are particles (or quasiparticles) with masses smaller than the mass of graviton m₀. We will call such particles vacumos (see also below). It seems that a metrical part of the Vacuum is feeding the universe with vacumos, not unlike an ovary is feeding a fruit, and becomes a part of it. The supply of vacumos may come from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not need to be equipped with a metric. To determine when universe started to produce gravitons, we put a(τ)=l into (2), solve equation for τ and got the result: 284 by ago [10, 4]. So, it took 43 by of "incubation" to accommodate universe for production of gravitons.
Formula (2) does not have any fitting parameters and shows good quantitative agreement with cosmological observations (SnIa, SDSS-BAO and reduction of acceleration of the expanding Universe [13]). Comparison with observational data was made in Refs. 14, 15, 3 , see also Fig.1 below. We can not expect better agreement of a global solution with data obtained from particular galaxies, evolution of which does not have to be synchronized. Effect of local bangs in galaxies on scale factor is described in terms of isenthalpic process (w≡ρc²+p=w₀, where p is pressure) [16]. Let us stress, solution (2) avoids major longtime controversies [critical density of the universe, dark energy (ridiculously small cosmological constant) and inflation].
The ultralight gravitons have huge concentration (4). The "ordinary" matter (OM) in this theory was synthesized from dark matter in galaxies [3, 4]. Averaged concentration (4) is not only enormous, but also constant. It means, that these particles somehow communicate with each other and polarize vacuum in order to maintain averaged distance l (4). Remember, that we are dealing with unusual fluid [7, 8]. The thermal de Brogle wavelength [17] for the temperature of the universe T≈2.73K is many orders bigger than l: ħc(lk_{B}T)⁻¹≈3⋅10¹¹ (k_{B} - Boltzmann constant). This estimate is for massless particles. For nonrelativistic gravitons with mass m₀ the relation is ħl⁻¹(m₀k_{B}T)^{-1/2}≈7⋅10¹³. So, the quantum effects, such as Bose-Einstein condensate, can dominate, even for high temperature.
In the areas of gravitational condensation (future galaxies) the density was much higher than (4). With certain critical density, we can expect local bangs (recall Ref. 9) with multiple collisions and formation of new particles in some sort of "natural selection". During the steady and stable expansion of the universe, the ordinary matter (OM) was synthesized in this way, probably, starting with light particles. Particularly, the production of neutrinos from the background gravitons and the oscillation (between the three flavors) are described recently [18, 19] in frames of Qmoger. The estimated mass m_{∗}=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 13⋅10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c² [18, 19] corresponds to the experimental bound [20]. The neutrino oscillations are example of an interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom). Another and possibly related example of Idom is our subjective experiences (see below). The introduced above vacumos could be expected to participate in both these phenomena.
The background condensate of gravitons, being under pressure in galaxies, is forming new particles and expels them from the hot places. This explains why most of the ordinary particles are fermions, obeying the Pauly exclusion principle. This also can lead to an additional acceleration of ordinary matter relative to the background condensate, which will be considered in detail in future work. These processes were accompanied by radiation, which is reflected in cosmic microwave background (CMB). The eqilibrium character of CMB and the small global curvature of the universe are naturally explained by the large amount of time available for the evolution. Some peculiarities of CMB can be associated with synthesis of various particles in expanding universe. Particularly, the observed anisotropy of CMB can be connected with nonsynchronous processes in galaxies.
In context of the type of evolution, which is described by exact solution (2), what we call ordinary matter is, in fact, an exotic matter, which was synthesized from gravitons and, so far, constitute about 15% of the total mass of the universe ( standard 4% corresponds to inclusion of dark energy). Taking into account the history of the universe, the vacumos (see above), the indicated below spectrum of mass and mediators between gravitons and OM ( perhaps, connected with vacumos), we can not be sure that graviton is elementary particle. Moreover, we can not be sure that gravitons obeys all the rules of the conventional quantum theory. It is possible, that gravitons and mediators produce some quantum effects for "ordinary" matter (see new interpretation of quantum theory [21]).
3. Electric dipole moment of gravitons.
The baryonic asymmetry of the universe ( prevalence of matter over antimatter ) can be explained if gravitons have nonzero electric dipole moment (EDM). Indeed, EDM of primary particles can break the reflection symmetry and give advantage to matter over antimatter. It will also help to explain synthesis of some particles from the dipolar quantum condensate. Additionally, EDM of gravitons helps to explain qualia [22] and brightens the dark sector of matter (see also next section and Appendix). In a mean time, simple estimation can be made in frame of Qmoger. From mass m₀ (3), l_{P} and c we have unique expression for EDM:
d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2×10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{5/2}sec⁻¹ #5
There is also scale l₀=m₀Gc⁻²∼4⋅10⁻⁹⁵cm, which is much smaller than l_{P}. So, we have small nondimensional parameter ν=l₀/l_{P}∼2.5⋅10⁻⁶² and more general formula d=m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}cN(ν). We will get (5), assuming that N(0) is finite. Using ν, we have spectrum of mass: m(α)=m₀ν^{α}. Scale l₀ and vacumos (for α>0) can be related not only to the early evolution, including indicated above "incubation" period, but also to mediators. Vacumos and mediators are potentially observable, particularly, in connection with the neutrino oscillations [18, 19] and qualia.
Let us note, that presented calculations of mass (3) and EDM (5), actually, do not require the full acceptance of the Qmoger theory. It is sufficient to accept, that ρ₀ is an important parameter.
4. Conclusions.
In the described theory we got that gravitons constitute omnipresent background in the universe. As a result of gravitation, from that background emerged OM. The indicated above mediators can be produced spontaneously, or during collisions. The "plasma" of gravitons and mediators produces ordinary matter, including photons. So, we got interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom). Such interface very likely exists not only in cosmos, but everywhere, including our body and our brain¹⁾. A model of Idom is described in Ref. 22. From that model it follows that our subjective experiences (qualia) are manifestations of Idom and can be used as a natural detector of interaction between gravitons and ordinary matter. The typical action potentials (say, 30mV ) [23] of neural system can easily create traps and coherent dynamic patterns in the dipolar condensate with obtained above values of particle mass (3) and EDM (5). The necessary for qualia enormous number of degrees of freedom is supplied by huge concentration of gravitons (4). So, our subjective experiences are graviton-based. This can open new directions of research in biology and medicine. It also justify the given above answer to the big question: Who we are? - at the present level of understanding.
That answer suggest a specialized study of qualia, which can shed some light on the nature of the dipolar condensate of gravitons. The EDM (5) is small and existing telescopes do not see gravitons (dark matter). It seems also difficult to observe gravitons in the supercollider and in other high-energy machines. But we actually see the collective effects (condensate) of gravitons in qualia. By manipulating with action potentials of the neuron system and quantifying qualia responses, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter. The neutrino oscillations are also connected to Idom [18, 19] and investigation of both phenomena (experimentally and in terms of Qmoger) can be mutually beneficial.
Appendix: Qmoger equations.
Qmoger equations, introduced in Ref. 6 and discussed in more detail in Ref. 4, differ from the Einstein equations by two additional terms responsible for production/absorption of matter by the vacuum:
R_{i}^{k}-(1/2)δ_{i}^{k}R=8πG_{∗}T_{i}^{k}+λ_{N}δ_{i}^{k},T_{i}^{k}=wu_{i}u^{k}-δ_{i}^{k}p,w=ε+p, #A1
λ_{N}=λ₀+β((dσ)/(ds))+γσ²,σ=((∂u^{k})/(∂x^{k}))+(1/(2g))((dg)/(ds)),(d/(ds))=u^{k}(∂/(∂x^{k})) #A2
Here R_{i}^{k} is the curvature tensor, p, ε and w are pressure, energy density and enthalpy density, respectively, G_{∗}=Gc⁻⁴(G- gravitational constant, c- speed of light), u^{k} - components of velocity (summation over repeated indexes is assumed from 0 to 3, x⁰=τ=ct), λ₀ is the cosmological constant (which we will put zero), σ is the covariant divergency, β and γ are nondimensional parameters (with particular choice β=2γ=2/3, see below) and g is the determinant of the metric tensor. With β=γ=0 we recover the classical equations of GR. Let us note that curvature terms in lhs of (A1) and additional terms dσ/ds and σ² all contain second order (or square of first order) derivatives of metric tensor, which make these terms compatible. The importance of σ also follows from the fact that it is the only dynamic characteristic of media, which enters into the balance of the proper number density of particles n: dn/ds+σn=q, where q is the rate of particle production (or absorption) by the vacuum. So, if n is constant (see the exact analytical solution (A7) below) or changing slowly, than the σ-effect is, certainly, very important in quantum cosmology. The σ-terms were introduces [6] with such physical argumentation on base of previous works [7-9]. Later, in the case β=2γ, equations (A1, A2) were derived from the variational principle by simply replacing the cosmological constant λ₀ (in the Lagrangian) by λ=λ₀-γσ²[14]. Indeed, the variation of ∫d⁴x(-g)^{1/2}σ² with respect to the metric tensor produces the two σ-terms in (A1, A2) [14]. But, the system is not Hamiltonian, the vacuum is feeding the universe, so, the standard approach is not appropriate²⁾. Parameters (β,γ), generally, depend on the equation of state [16].
Some exact analytical solutions of equations (A1, A2) where obtained in Ref. 6. On the basis of these solutions, it was concluded that the effect of spacetime stretching (σ) explains the accelerated expansion of the universe and for negative σ (collapse) the same effect can prevent formation of singularity. Equations (A1, A2) reproduce Newtonian gravitation in the nonrelativistic asymptotic, but gravitational waves can propagate with speed, which is not necessary equal to speed of light [14]. This give us a hint that gravitons may have finite mass.
The natural next step was quantitative comparison with cosmological data and choice of parameters β and γ. Let us consider equations for the scale factor a(τ) in homogeneous isotropic universe, derived from (A1, A2) by standard procedure [Eq. (8,9) in Ref. 6, or Eq. (3, 4) in Ref. 4]:
(2-3β)(a/a)+(1+3β-9γ)((a/a))²+(k/(a²))-λ₀=-8πG_{∗}p, #A3
-β(a/a)+(1+β-3γ)((a/a))²+(k/(a²))-((λ₀)/3)=((8π)/3)G_{∗}ε. #A4
Here points indicate differentiation over τ, the discrete curvature parameter k=0,+1,-1 corresponds to flat, closed and open universe, respectively.
With indicated in Ref. 6 unique choice β=2γ=2/3, these equations take simple form:
(k/(a²))=λ₀-8πG_{∗}p, #A5
H=((3k)/(2a²))-((λ₀)/2)-4πG_{∗}ε, H≡(a/a) #A6
From (A5) with λ₀=0, we see that sign of curvature is opposite to sign of pressure. From observations we know that global curvature is close to zero. So, the dust approximation (p=0 ) is natural for this theory with λ₀=0 and β=2γ=2/3.
In the dust approximation with λ₀=0,k=0, two special cases for system (A3, A4) have been indicated [6]: 1) for β=2/3 and γ≠1/3 stationary solution exist; 2) for β=2γ the global energy is conserved, except for β=2γ=2/3. The choice β=2γ=2/3 is exceptional and in the dust approximation with λ₀=0,k=0, equation (A5) is identity and from (A6) we have exact analytical Gaussian solution:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],L_{∗}=(G_{∗}ε₀)^{-1/2} #A7
Here subscript 0 indicate present epoch (τ=0) and H₀ is the Hubble constant. In the analogous solution, obtained in [14], instead of ε₀ was ε₀+λ₀/8πG_{∗}, for generality.
Solution (A7) corresponds to continuous and metric-affecting production of dark matter (DM) particles out of vacuum, with its density ρ₀=ε₀c⁻² being retain constant during the expansion of spatially flat universe. In this solution there is no critical density of the universe, which is a kind of relief.
The solution (A7) is shown [14] to be globally stable in the regime of cosmological expansion until t_{max} about 12.6 billion years from now. After that time, the solution becomes unstable and characterizes the inverse process of dark matter particle absorption by the vacuum in the regime of contraction of the universe. More general class of solutions of Qmoger equations is presented in Ref. 4, 16.
In Qmoger equations we can have some extra terms (Qmoger+) to account for electromagnetic (EM) and other fields, but the presented above σ-terms seems to be unique. Inclusion of EM field in Qmoger is needed for problem of graviton-induced radiation from stars and hot planets (such as Jupiter and Saturn) [16], as well as for investigation of qualia [22 ]. At the same time, Qmoger with its seeping gravitons could lead to correction of some deficiencies in the Quantum Field Theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [24]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality. In future, we can combine the achievements of the Standard model and the Quantum Field Theory with Qmoger. This will definitely open new directions of research in physics.
¹⁾ It did not escape my attention, that this approach has important philosophical consequences. Particularly, nonmaterial entities can be considered as interfaces (or collections of interfaces) between different types of matter. Also, the approach can be imbedded in a mathematical structure, similar to the category theory [25], with morphisms (see Ref. 22) and formalized interfaces, but that is another story.
²⁾Note, that Newton and Einstein did not use the Lagrangian and the variational principle. Unfortunately, these days the physical and common sense are often replaced by the variational principle. We can blame textbooks, which are convenient to base on the variational principle. In my opinion, it can lead theoretical physics astray.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[6] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[8] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[9] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[10] E. A. Novikov, Age of the universe and more, J. of Cosmology v. 25, 13442-13452 (2015).
[11] V. B. Berestetskii, E. M. Lifshitz & L. P. Pitaevskii, Quantum Electrodynamics, Pergamon press (1982).
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton.
El-Nabulsi, Rami Ahmad, Gravitons in Fractional Action Cosmology, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51 (2012) 3978. R. Casadio, A. Giugno, A. Giusti, Matter and gravitons in the gravitational collapse, Phys. Lett. B763 (2016) 337. C. de Pham, J. T. Deaskins, A. J. Tolley and S-Y. Zhot, Graviton mass bounds, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 (2017), 025004. A. F. Zakharov, P. Jovanovicc, D. Borka and V. B. Jovanovic, Graviton mass trajectories of bright stars at the Galactic Center, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 798 (2017) 01081.
[13] A. Shfieloo, V. Sahni, & A. Starobinsky, Is cosmic acceleration slowing down?, Phys. Rev. D 80, 101301(R) (2009).
[14] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[15] E. A. Novikov & S Chefranov, A quiet cosmology and halo around the visible universe, J. of Cosmology 16, 6884 (2011).
[16] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication).
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_de_Broglie_wavelength
[18] E. A. Novikov, Feeding the universe, quantum scaling and stable neutrinos (submitted for publication).
[19] E. A. Novikov, A possibility of brain stimulation by oscillating neutrinos (submitted for publication).
[20] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[21] E. A. Novikov, Random shooting of entangled particles in vacuum, arXiv:0707.3299.
[22] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[25] J. C. Baez and M. Stay, Topology, logic and computation: a Rosetta stone, arXiv:0903.0340
[Figure]
Fig.1. Comparison of exact analytical solution (2) with results of two observational projects and with some parametric models (details in Ref. 14, 15). Here z=a₀/a-1 is the redshift, m-M is the distance module as function of z, m and M are apparent and absolute magnitudes of the source correspondingly. The observations are model-independent.
Submitted for publication, posted at viXra:1709.0401
Monday, August 21, 2017
BRAIN STIMULATION WITH NEUTRINOS
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
A possibility of brain stimulation with neutrinos is discussed.
Recently, based on the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger) [1, 2], it was discovered [3-5] that phenomena of subjectivity (qualia) have something in common with oscillations of neutrinos - mutual transformations of the three flavors of neutrinos [6]. Both phenomena are examples of interface between the dark and the ordinary matter (Idom), introduced in Ref. 3.
The Compton wavelength of neutrino was estimated [4, 5]:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗}))≈10⁻²cm. #1
Here ħ is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light and m_{∗} is the mass of neutrino [4, 5]:
m_{∗}=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 13⋅10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #2
We use the averaged mass density of the universe ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the controversial dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger [1, 2]. The mass of neutrino satisfies the experimental bound [6].
The wavelength l_{∗} is comparable with the size of neuron cluster, which is expected to be capable of producing sufficiently rich qualia. Humans are continuously subjected to the neutrino showers from the sun and other cosmic sources [6]. Seemingly random jumps of our memory could be related to interaction with neutrinos. In any case, it will be interesting to study these interactions in a controlled laboratory setting by using artificial sources of neutrinos [6]. The possible gain, apart of the scientific inquire, is a new tool for healing and stimulation of the brain.
References
[1] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[2] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016)
[3] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Feeding the universe, qualia and neutrino, submitted for publication, posted at viXra: 1708.0116.
[5] E. A. Novikov, Feeding the universe, quantum scaling and stable neutrino, submitted for publication, posted at viXra: 1708.0213.
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
A possibility of brain stimulation with neutrinos is discussed.
Recently, based on the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger) [1, 2], it was discovered [3-5] that phenomena of subjectivity (qualia) have something in common with oscillations of neutrinos - mutual transformations of the three flavors of neutrinos [6]. Both phenomena are examples of interface between the dark and the ordinary matter (Idom), introduced in Ref. 3.
The Compton wavelength of neutrino was estimated [4, 5]:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗}))≈10⁻²cm. #1
Here ħ is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light and m_{∗} is the mass of neutrino [4, 5]:
m_{∗}=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 13⋅10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #2
We use the averaged mass density of the universe ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the controversial dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger [1, 2]. The mass of neutrino satisfies the experimental bound [6].
The wavelength l_{∗} is comparable with the size of neuron cluster, which is expected to be capable of producing sufficiently rich qualia. Humans are continuously subjected to the neutrino showers from the sun and other cosmic sources [6]. Seemingly random jumps of our memory could be related to interaction with neutrinos. In any case, it will be interesting to study these interactions in a controlled laboratory setting by using artificial sources of neutrinos [6]. The possible gain, apart of the scientific inquire, is a new tool for healing and stimulation of the brain.
References
[1] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[2] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016)
[3] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Feeding the universe, qualia and neutrino, submitted for publication, posted at viXra: 1708.0116.
[5] E. A. Novikov, Feeding the universe, quantum scaling and stable neutrino, submitted for publication, posted at viXra: 1708.0213.
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
Wednesday, August 16, 2017
FEEDING THE UNIVERSE, QUANTUM SCALING AND STABLE NEUTRINOS
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), it is shown, that the Vacuum is continuously feeding the universe with ultralight particles (vacumo). Vacumos are transforming into more heavy (but still ultralight) gravitons, which form quantum condensate even for high temperature. The condensate, under gravitational pressure in galaxies, produces and expels from the hot places the first generation of "ordinary" massive fermions, which are identified with neutrinos. It explains the stability of all three neutrinos (a puzzle in the Standard Model). The mass of neutrino, estimated in terms of a new scaling in Qmoger, satisfies the experimental bound. The oscillations of neutrino are explained in terms of interaction with the background condensate of gravitons. The electric dipole moment of neutrino is also estimated. The situation with neutrinos is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), introduced before in explanation of the phenomena of subjectivity.
In the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory (BB) [1], the matter (energy) is continuously produced by the Vacuum. The Qmoger equations differs from the Einstein equations of the general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for production (absorption) of matter [2-4]. These works were presided by invention of a new type of fluid, namely the dynamics of distributed sources-sinks [5, 6], which, in turn was presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [7]. Qmoger theory was motivated by many deficiencies of BB [1-4, 8]. The additional terms in Qmoger equations take into account the space-time divergency (stretching), the effect of which is comparable with the effect of the space-time curvature in the Einstein theory. The additional motivation of Qmoger is that the Standard Model [9], principally, can not predict absolute values of masses for observable particles, while Qmoger can do this (see below).
The simples situation with continuous production of matter from the Vacuum is when the averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In more general situation [10] the averaged density of enthalpy is constant: w=ε+p=w₀, where ε=ρc² is the energy density, p is the pressure and c is the speed of light. The pressure can be high in stars. But the averaged pressure in the universe is small and the dust approximation (p=0) is useful in many situations. In this case, the main parameters in the Qmoger theory are: the gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique length scale:
L_{∗}=c(Gρ₀)^{-1/2} #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP, includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [3, 4], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [11, 3, 4] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because currently a(τ) is relatively close to its maximum (see below). In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [10], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
Solution (2) does not have any fitting parameters and is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data [11, 3]. This solution eliminates major controversies - critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c [11]. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass (unlike photon). With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d₀∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[3, 4], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2}≈1.6⋅10⁻³⁷cm is the Planck scale. EDM of background gravitons can explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe (prevalence of particles over antiparticles) in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry. It is shown [3, 4]], that such particles form quantum condensate even for high temperature. The concentration of particles n and characteristic scale are:
n=ρ₀/m₀≈5⋅10³⁶, l=n^{-1/3}≈2.7⋅10⁻¹³cm. #3
According to (2), the universe was born in the infinite past (a(-∞)=0) from small fluctuation. But, formula (2) is solution of Qmoger differential equations for the space-time metric, which is assumed to be smooth. The smooth metric we can expect only starting with condition a=l_{P}. It is natural to associate this condition with the beginning of the universe in frame of the Qmoger theory. From that condition, using (2), we get time [3, 4]: t₁≈-327 billion years. The mass of the embryonic universe can be estimated by M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram. This result suggest existence of particles (or quasiparticles) with much smaller mass than m₀ (see also below). Any such particle we will call vacumo. It seems reasonable to suggest, that Vacuum is feeding universe with vacumos.
The next important step in the evolution of the universe is the production of gravitons with indicated above mass m₀. The corresponding condition is: a=l. In this case, (2) gives [4] : t₂≈-284 billion years. So, it took about 43 billion years of nurturing the universe to accommodate it for production of gravitons. It seems natural, that the feeding comes from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not have to be equipped with a metric. The mature universe transforms vacumos into gravitons, which form the background quantum condensate. Size of the universe (2) riches the maximum a_{max}≈ 1. 32 a₀ at time t_{max}=(L_{∗}²H₀)/(4πc)≈ 12. 6 billion years. It was shown [11], that universe is globally stable during expansion (-∞t_{max}.
During formation of galaxies (in a manner described in Ref. 7), in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new "ordinary"particles (including photons) are synthesized. In these processes, instead of G, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. Note, that in the Standard Model [9], from parameters ħ and c one can not construct a mass, a length scale or such characteristics as EDM. So, Standard Model, principally, can not predict absolute values of masses for observable particles and corresponding scales. In Qmoger, from c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=ħ^{1/4}(cρ₀)^{-1/4}≈10⁻²cm. #4
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 1326×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #5
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background gravitons. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of the first generation of "ordinary" massive particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. It is easy to expel such particles from the hot places if they are fermions, obeying the Pauly exclusion principle. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [12]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=(ħ/ρ₀)^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #6
could be associated with formation and acceleration (c/t_{∗}∼ 8. 46⋅10²²cms⁻²) of neutrino, as well to the neutrino oscillations [12]. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of described above ultralight dipolar gravitons. The averaged number of gravitons interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can temporary carry along a coherent group of gravitons (perhaps, in a form of vortex ring). This can influence the effective mass and the flavor of neutrino [12]. The stability of all three neutrinos was unexplainable in frames of Standard Model. But, in frames of Qmoger, the stability seems natural for the first generation of particles, produced by the background gravitons. The new scaling also predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d_{∗}=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹gram^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹, #7
which is much bigger than indicated above EDM of graviton. Note, that Qmoger with its seeping gravitons could also correct some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, such as inequivalent representations [13]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representation of reality.
The situation with neutrino is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), which was introduced in Ref. 14 in explanation of the phenomena of qualia ( subjective experiences). In future, we can combine the achievements of the Standard Model and the quantum field theory with Qmoger and new scaling. This will open new directions of research in physics and biology.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[6] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[8] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model
[10] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication)
[11] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Bing Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[13] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[14] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), it is shown, that the Vacuum is continuously feeding the universe with ultralight particles (vacumo). Vacumos are transforming into more heavy (but still ultralight) gravitons, which form quantum condensate even for high temperature. The condensate, under gravitational pressure in galaxies, produces and expels from the hot places the first generation of "ordinary" massive fermions, which are identified with neutrinos. It explains the stability of all three neutrinos (a puzzle in the Standard Model). The mass of neutrino, estimated in terms of a new scaling in Qmoger, satisfies the experimental bound. The oscillations of neutrino are explained in terms of interaction with the background condensate of gravitons. The electric dipole moment of neutrino is also estimated. The situation with neutrinos is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), introduced before in explanation of the phenomena of subjectivity.
In the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory (BB) [1], the matter (energy) is continuously produced by the Vacuum. The Qmoger equations differs from the Einstein equations of the general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for production (absorption) of matter [2-4]. These works were presided by invention of a new type of fluid, namely the dynamics of distributed sources-sinks [5, 6], which, in turn was presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [7]. Qmoger theory was motivated by many deficiencies of BB [1-4, 8]. The additional terms in Qmoger equations take into account the space-time divergency (stretching), the effect of which is comparable with the effect of the space-time curvature in the Einstein theory. The additional motivation of Qmoger is that the Standard Model [9], principally, can not predict absolute values of masses for observable particles, while Qmoger can do this (see below).
The simples situation with continuous production of matter from the Vacuum is when the averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In more general situation [10] the averaged density of enthalpy is constant: w=ε+p=w₀, where ε=ρc² is the energy density, p is the pressure and c is the speed of light. The pressure can be high in stars. But the averaged pressure in the universe is small and the dust approximation (p=0) is useful in many situations. In this case, the main parameters in the Qmoger theory are: the gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique length scale:
L_{∗}=c(Gρ₀)^{-1/2} #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP, includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [3, 4], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [11, 3, 4] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because currently a(τ) is relatively close to its maximum (see below). In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [10], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
Solution (2) does not have any fitting parameters and is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data [11, 3]. This solution eliminates major controversies - critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c [11]. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass (unlike photon). With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d₀∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[3, 4], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2}≈1.6⋅10⁻³⁷cm is the Planck scale. EDM of background gravitons can explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe (prevalence of particles over antiparticles) in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry. It is shown [3, 4]], that such particles form quantum condensate even for high temperature. The concentration of particles n and characteristic scale are:
n=ρ₀/m₀≈5⋅10³⁶, l=n^{-1/3}≈2.7⋅10⁻¹³cm. #3
According to (2), the universe was born in the infinite past (a(-∞)=0) from small fluctuation. But, formula (2) is solution of Qmoger differential equations for the space-time metric, which is assumed to be smooth. The smooth metric we can expect only starting with condition a=l_{P}. It is natural to associate this condition with the beginning of the universe in frame of the Qmoger theory. From that condition, using (2), we get time [3, 4]: t₁≈-327 billion years. The mass of the embryonic universe can be estimated by M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram. This result suggest existence of particles (or quasiparticles) with much smaller mass than m₀ (see also below). Any such particle we will call vacumo. It seems reasonable to suggest, that Vacuum is feeding universe with vacumos.
The next important step in the evolution of the universe is the production of gravitons with indicated above mass m₀. The corresponding condition is: a=l. In this case, (2) gives [4] : t₂≈-284 billion years. So, it took about 43 billion years of nurturing the universe to accommodate it for production of gravitons. It seems natural, that the feeding comes from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not have to be equipped with a metric. The mature universe transforms vacumos into gravitons, which form the background quantum condensate. Size of the universe (2) riches the maximum a_{max}≈ 1. 32 a₀ at time t_{max}=(L_{∗}²H₀)/(4πc)≈ 12. 6 billion years. It was shown [11], that universe is globally stable during expansion (-∞
During formation of galaxies (in a manner described in Ref. 7), in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new "ordinary"particles (including photons) are synthesized. In these processes, instead of G, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. Note, that in the Standard Model [9], from parameters ħ and c one can not construct a mass, a length scale or such characteristics as EDM. So, Standard Model, principally, can not predict absolute values of masses for observable particles and corresponding scales. In Qmoger, from c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=ħ^{1/4}(cρ₀)^{-1/4}≈10⁻²cm. #4
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 1326×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #5
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background gravitons. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of the first generation of "ordinary" massive particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. It is easy to expel such particles from the hot places if they are fermions, obeying the Pauly exclusion principle. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [12]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=(ħ/ρ₀)^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #6
could be associated with formation and acceleration (c/t_{∗}∼ 8. 46⋅10²²cms⁻²) of neutrino, as well to the neutrino oscillations [12]. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of described above ultralight dipolar gravitons. The averaged number of gravitons interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can temporary carry along a coherent group of gravitons (perhaps, in a form of vortex ring). This can influence the effective mass and the flavor of neutrino [12]. The stability of all three neutrinos was unexplainable in frames of Standard Model. But, in frames of Qmoger, the stability seems natural for the first generation of particles, produced by the background gravitons. The new scaling also predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d_{∗}=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹gram^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹, #7
which is much bigger than indicated above EDM of graviton. Note, that Qmoger with its seeping gravitons could also correct some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, such as inequivalent representations [13]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representation of reality.
The situation with neutrino is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), which was introduced in Ref. 14 in explanation of the phenomena of qualia ( subjective experiences). In future, we can combine the achievements of the Standard Model and the quantum field theory with Qmoger and new scaling. This will open new directions of research in physics and biology.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[6] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[8] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model
[10] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication)
[11] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Bing Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[13] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[14] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
Tuesday, August 8, 2017
FEEDING THE UNIVERSE, QUALIA AND NEUTRINO
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), it is shown, that Vacuum is continuously feeding the universe and partially merge with it, not unlike an ovary with a fruit. Subjective experiences (qualia) are considered in frames of the Qmoger theory. A relation is found between qualia and the neutrino oscillations.
1. Introduction
The level of a civilization, to a high degree, is determined by its cosmology. The phenomenon of qualia (subjective experiences) is the most sophisticated achievement of the developing universe. In order to understand the physical nature of qualia, we need an adequate cosmology.
In the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory (BB) [1], the matter (energy) is continuously produced by the Vacuum. The Qmoger equations differs from the Einstein equations of the general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for production (absorption) of matter [2-4]. These works were presided by invention of a new type of fluid, namely the dynamics of distributed sources-sinks [5, 6], which, in turn was presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [7]. Qmoger theory was motivated by many deficiencies of BB [1-4, 8]. The additional terms in Qmoger equations take into account the space-time divergency (stretching), the effect of which is comparable with the effect of the space-time curvature in the Einstein theory. Qmoger theory is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data, without fitting. At the same time, Qmoger eliminates major controversies of BB, such as the critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) [9] and inflation [10]. The situation with BB now is not unlike the situation with the geocentric model of Ptolemy [11]. BB inspired many important observations and useful theoretical works. But the theory, during almost 100 years of attempts to save the BB from contradictions with cosmic data, becomes too cumbersome and involves a lot of additional assumptions. It is time to move on. Qmoger is not limited to cosmology. In previous work [12] an explanation of qualia was initiated in frame of Qmoger. In this paper we are going one step deeper into details. Particularly, it turns out that qualia is related to the mysterious particle neutrino and its oscillations [13].
2 Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger)
The simples situation with continuous production of matter from the Vacuum is when the averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In more general situation [14] the averaged density of enthalpy is constant: w=ε+p=w₀, where ε=ρc² is the energy density, p is the pressure and c is the speed of light. The pressure can be high in stars. But the averaged pressure in the universe is small and the dust approximation (p=0) is useful in many situations. In this case, the main parameters in the Qmoger theory are: the gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique length scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})) #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP [15], includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [3, 4], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [16, 3, 4] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because a(τ) is currently relatively close to its maximum (see below). In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [14], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
Solution (2) does not have any fitting parameters and is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data [16, 3, 14]. This solution eliminates the mentioned above major controversies - critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c [16]. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass (unlike photon). With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[3, 4], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2}≈1.6⋅10⁻³⁷cm is the Planck scale. EDM of background gravitons can explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe [17] (prevalence of particles over antiparticles) in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry [18]. It is shown [3, 4]], that such particles form quantum condensate [19] even for high temperature. The concentration of particles n and characteristic scale are:
n=((ρ₀)/(m₀))≈5⋅10³⁶, l=n^{-1/3}≈2.7⋅10⁻¹³cm. #3
3. Feeding the universe
According to (2), the universe was born in the infinite past (a(-∞)=0) from small fluctuation. But, formula (2) is solution of Qmoger differential equations for the space-time metric, which is assumed to be smooth. The smooth metric we can expect only starting with condition a=l_{P}. It is natural to associate this condition with the beginning of the universe in frame of the Qmoger theory. From that condition, using (2), we get time [4]: t₁≈-327 billion years. The mass of the embryonic universe can be estimated by M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram. This result suggest existence of particles (or quasiparticles) with much smaller mass than m₀ (see also below). Any such particle we will call vacumo. It seems reasonable to suggest, that Vacuum is feeding universe with vacumos.
The next important step in the evolution of the universe is the production of gravitons with indicated above mass m₀. The corresponding condition is: a=l. In this case, (2) gives [4] : t₂≈-284 billion years. So, it took about 43 billion years of nurturing the universe to accommodate it for production of gravitons. The union of the universe with the part of the Vacuum, attached to it and equipped with the same smooth metric, we will call Vuniverse. This is not unlike the situation with the ovary of a fruit. It seems natural, that the feeding comes from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not have to be equipped with a metric. The mature Vuniverse transforms vacumos into gravitons, which form the background quantum condensate. Vuniverse combines the material universe with a nonmaterial entity, which we will call metrical Vacuum. This will help to explain qualia and other mysterious phenomena (see below).
Size of the universe (2) riches the maximum a_{max}≈ 1. 32 a₀ at time t_{max}=(L_{∗}²H₀)/(4πc)≈ 12. 57 billion years. It was shown [16], that universe is globally stable during expansion (-∞t_{max}.
4. Feeding the humankind
In the previous section we discuss how the Vacuum feeds the universe. That supply of energy eventually reaches the humankind indirectly, particularly, in the form of solar radiation or petroleum. But we need more sources of energy. If we can manage to squeeze the background dipolar condensate of gravitons, say, by using electromagnetic field, we can get an eternal source of energy on Earth.
5 New quantum scaling
During formation of galaxies, in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new particles (including photons) are synthesized. In these processes, instead of the gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}≈10⁻²cm. #4
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}((ħ/c))^{3/4}≈ 3. 1326×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #5
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of the first generation particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [13]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=((ħ/(ρ₀)))^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #6
could be associated with formation and acceleration (c/t_{∗}∼ 8. 46⋅10²²cms⁻²) of neutrino, as well to the neutrino oscillations [13]. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of described above ultralight dipolar gravitons. The averaged number of gravitons interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can create waves in the background and temporary carry along coherent groups of gravitons. This will influence the effective mass and the flavor of neutrino [13]. This is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), introduced in Ref. 12 (see below).
The new scaling predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹g^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹, #7
which is much bigger that indicated above EDM of graviton. Note, that Qmoger theory with its seeping gravitons [3, 4] could lead to correction of some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [20]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality.
6. Qualia
In the light of presented above results, we can expand the explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction between background dipolar condensate and the neuron system [12]. The action potentials of living cells, particularly, neurons [21], create traps and coherent patterns in the condensate, which we actually see and feel (see below). The new scale l_{∗} (4) seems to be appropriate for the size of the neuron cluster, which produces sophisticated qualia. The necessary for qualia huge number of degrees of freedom is supplied by the indicated above number of gravitons N_{∗}. It would not be surprising if the oscillating neutrino, which interacts with gravitons (see above), play a role in qualia along with the action potential of neurons.
By manipulating with action potentials and quantifying qualia response, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter, including gravitons.
The introduced above concept of Vuniverse, which combines the material universe with the metric Vacuum, helps us to understand the nonmaterial part of introduced in Ref.12 interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom). Indeed, it seems, that the location of qualia with its components (sensations, emotions and reflections) is in the metrical Vacuum. This nonmaterial entity is hovering over the matter, particularly, over the neuron system. Having the Qmoger equations for the metric and some information about the neural systems, provided by the neuroscience, we can do a quantitative study of qualia.
7. Conclusions
Qualia and neutrino oscillations are just two examples of Idoms - interfaces between dark and ordinary matter. We can expect that many other mysteries of physics and biology will be explained in terms of the described above Qmoger theory and metrical Vacuum.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[6] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[8] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model
[12] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[14] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication)
[15] https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry
[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_symmetry
[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate
[20] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[21] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), it is shown, that Vacuum is continuously feeding the universe and partially merge with it, not unlike an ovary with a fruit. Subjective experiences (qualia) are considered in frames of the Qmoger theory. A relation is found between qualia and the neutrino oscillations.
1. Introduction
The level of a civilization, to a high degree, is determined by its cosmology. The phenomenon of qualia (subjective experiences) is the most sophisticated achievement of the developing universe. In order to understand the physical nature of qualia, we need an adequate cosmology.
In the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory (BB) [1], the matter (energy) is continuously produced by the Vacuum. The Qmoger equations differs from the Einstein equations of the general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for production (absorption) of matter [2-4]. These works were presided by invention of a new type of fluid, namely the dynamics of distributed sources-sinks [5, 6], which, in turn was presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [7]. Qmoger theory was motivated by many deficiencies of BB [1-4, 8]. The additional terms in Qmoger equations take into account the space-time divergency (stretching), the effect of which is comparable with the effect of the space-time curvature in the Einstein theory. Qmoger theory is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data, without fitting. At the same time, Qmoger eliminates major controversies of BB, such as the critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) [9] and inflation [10]. The situation with BB now is not unlike the situation with the geocentric model of Ptolemy [11]. BB inspired many important observations and useful theoretical works. But the theory, during almost 100 years of attempts to save the BB from contradictions with cosmic data, becomes too cumbersome and involves a lot of additional assumptions. It is time to move on. Qmoger is not limited to cosmology. In previous work [12] an explanation of qualia was initiated in frame of Qmoger. In this paper we are going one step deeper into details. Particularly, it turns out that qualia is related to the mysterious particle neutrino and its oscillations [13].
2 Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger)
The simples situation with continuous production of matter from the Vacuum is when the averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In more general situation [14] the averaged density of enthalpy is constant: w=ε+p=w₀, where ε=ρc² is the energy density, p is the pressure and c is the speed of light. The pressure can be high in stars. But the averaged pressure in the universe is small and the dust approximation (p=0) is useful in many situations. In this case, the main parameters in the Qmoger theory are: the gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique length scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})) #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP [15], includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [3, 4], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [16, 3, 4] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because a(τ) is currently relatively close to its maximum (see below). In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [14], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
Solution (2) does not have any fitting parameters and is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data [16, 3, 14]. This solution eliminates the mentioned above major controversies - critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c [16]. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass (unlike photon). With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[3, 4], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2}≈1.6⋅10⁻³⁷cm is the Planck scale. EDM of background gravitons can explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe [17] (prevalence of particles over antiparticles) in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry [18]. It is shown [3, 4]], that such particles form quantum condensate [19] even for high temperature. The concentration of particles n and characteristic scale are:
n=((ρ₀)/(m₀))≈5⋅10³⁶, l=n^{-1/3}≈2.7⋅10⁻¹³cm. #3
3. Feeding the universe
According to (2), the universe was born in the infinite past (a(-∞)=0) from small fluctuation. But, formula (2) is solution of Qmoger differential equations for the space-time metric, which is assumed to be smooth. The smooth metric we can expect only starting with condition a=l_{P}. It is natural to associate this condition with the beginning of the universe in frame of the Qmoger theory. From that condition, using (2), we get time [4]: t₁≈-327 billion years. The mass of the embryonic universe can be estimated by M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram. This result suggest existence of particles (or quasiparticles) with much smaller mass than m₀ (see also below). Any such particle we will call vacumo. It seems reasonable to suggest, that Vacuum is feeding universe with vacumos.
The next important step in the evolution of the universe is the production of gravitons with indicated above mass m₀. The corresponding condition is: a=l. In this case, (2) gives [4] : t₂≈-284 billion years. So, it took about 43 billion years of nurturing the universe to accommodate it for production of gravitons. The union of the universe with the part of the Vacuum, attached to it and equipped with the same smooth metric, we will call Vuniverse. This is not unlike the situation with the ovary of a fruit. It seems natural, that the feeding comes from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not have to be equipped with a metric. The mature Vuniverse transforms vacumos into gravitons, which form the background quantum condensate. Vuniverse combines the material universe with a nonmaterial entity, which we will call metrical Vacuum. This will help to explain qualia and other mysterious phenomena (see below).
Size of the universe (2) riches the maximum a_{max}≈ 1. 32 a₀ at time t_{max}=(L_{∗}²H₀)/(4πc)≈ 12. 57 billion years. It was shown [16], that universe is globally stable during expansion (-∞
4. Feeding the humankind
In the previous section we discuss how the Vacuum feeds the universe. That supply of energy eventually reaches the humankind indirectly, particularly, in the form of solar radiation or petroleum. But we need more sources of energy. If we can manage to squeeze the background dipolar condensate of gravitons, say, by using electromagnetic field, we can get an eternal source of energy on Earth.
5 New quantum scaling
During formation of galaxies, in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new particles (including photons) are synthesized. In these processes, instead of the gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}≈10⁻²cm. #4
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}((ħ/c))^{3/4}≈ 3. 1326×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #5
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of the first generation particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [13]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=((ħ/(ρ₀)))^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #6
could be associated with formation and acceleration (c/t_{∗}∼ 8. 46⋅10²²cms⁻²) of neutrino, as well to the neutrino oscillations [13]. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of described above ultralight dipolar gravitons. The averaged number of gravitons interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can create waves in the background and temporary carry along coherent groups of gravitons. This will influence the effective mass and the flavor of neutrino [13]. This is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), introduced in Ref. 12 (see below).
The new scaling predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹g^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹, #7
which is much bigger that indicated above EDM of graviton. Note, that Qmoger theory with its seeping gravitons [3, 4] could lead to correction of some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [20]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality.
6. Qualia
In the light of presented above results, we can expand the explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction between background dipolar condensate and the neuron system [12]. The action potentials of living cells, particularly, neurons [21], create traps and coherent patterns in the condensate, which we actually see and feel (see below). The new scale l_{∗} (4) seems to be appropriate for the size of the neuron cluster, which produces sophisticated qualia. The necessary for qualia huge number of degrees of freedom is supplied by the indicated above number of gravitons N_{∗}. It would not be surprising if the oscillating neutrino, which interacts with gravitons (see above), play a role in qualia along with the action potential of neurons.
By manipulating with action potentials and quantifying qualia response, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter, including gravitons.
The introduced above concept of Vuniverse, which combines the material universe with the metric Vacuum, helps us to understand the nonmaterial part of introduced in Ref.12 interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom). Indeed, it seems, that the location of qualia with its components (sensations, emotions and reflections) is in the metrical Vacuum. This nonmaterial entity is hovering over the matter, particularly, over the neuron system. Having the Qmoger equations for the metric and some information about the neural systems, provided by the neuroscience, we can do a quantitative study of qualia.
7. Conclusions
Qualia and neutrino oscillations are just two examples of Idoms - interfaces between dark and ordinary matter. We can expect that many other mysteries of physics and biology will be explained in terms of the described above Qmoger theory and metrical Vacuum.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[6] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[8] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model
[12] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[14] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication)
[15] https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry
[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_symmetry
[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate
[20] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[21] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.
Friday, July 28, 2017
QUANTUM COSMOLOGY, NEW SCALING, MASS OF OSCILLATING NEUTRINO AND LIFE
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
"Suppose, for simplicity, that there is the God. Yes. The question is why He will do explosions? Why show bad example for future terrorists on Earth?..." (E. A. Novikov, Essay "God and explosions", 2012).
Abstract
From the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), supported by cosmic data (without fitting), a new quantum scaling is derived. This scaling indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from the background matter. Based on this scaling, mass of neutrino is estimated in agreement with experimental bounds. The neutrino oscillations are explained in terms of interaction with the background quantum condensate of gravitons. Subjective experiences (qualia) and functioning of living cell are also connected with the background condensate.
Key words: quantum cosmology, scaling, neutrino, qualia.
In the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory, the matter (energy) is produced continuously by the vacuum. Qmoger equations [1-3] differ from the Einstein equations of general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for the production of matter. In Qmoger, production of new particles from the background matter takes place in local bangs in a manner, which is described by exact general analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [4].
The simplest situation with production of matter is when averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In Ref. 5 a more general situation is considered with w=ρc²+p=w₀ (w - density of enthalpy, p - pressure, c - speed of light). Taking into account, that averaged pressure is small, for many purposes the dust approximation (p=0) is useful. In this case, the large-scale dynamics of the universe in Qmoger theory is determined by three physical parameters: gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})), #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP, includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [2, 3], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [6, 2, 3, 5] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. Solution (2) do not have any fitting parameters and quantitatively agrees with cosmic data [6, 2, 3, 5]. This solution also eliminates major controversies, such as critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass. With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[2, 3], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2} is the Planck scale. EDM of background particles can explain the baryon asymmetry in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry. It is shown [2, 3], that such particles form quantum condensate even for high temperature [2, 3].
In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [5], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
During formation of galaxies, in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new particles are synthesized. In these processes, instead of gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}≈10⁻²cm #3
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}((ħ/c))^{3/4}≈ 3. 13×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #4
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of first generation particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [7]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=((ħ/(ρ₀)))^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #5
could be associated with the neutrino oscillations. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of ultralight gravitons with indicated above tiny EDM [2, 3]. The averaged number of background particles interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can create waves in the background and temporary carry along coherent groups of background particles. This will affect its effective mass and flavor.
The new scaling predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹g^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹. #6
Note, that Qmoger theory with its seeping gravitons [2, 3] could also lead to correction of some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [8]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality.
The big bonus of Qmoger is the explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction between background dipolar condensate and the neuron system [9]. The action potentials of living cells, particularly, neurons [10], create traps and coherent patterns in the condensate, which we actually see and feel. By manipulating with action potentials and quantifying qualia response, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter.
References
[1] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[2] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[3] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in a (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Theor. Fiz., 57, 938--940 (1969) [Soviet Physics JETP, 30 (3), 512-513 (1970)], arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[5] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic processes in cosmology, astrophysics and at home (submitted for publication).
[6] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[8] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[9] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
"Suppose, for simplicity, that there is the God. Yes. The question is why He will do explosions? Why show bad example for future terrorists on Earth?..." (E. A. Novikov, Essay "God and explosions", 2012).
Abstract
From the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), supported by cosmic data (without fitting), a new quantum scaling is derived. This scaling indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from the background matter. Based on this scaling, mass of neutrino is estimated in agreement with experimental bounds. The neutrino oscillations are explained in terms of interaction with the background quantum condensate of gravitons. Subjective experiences (qualia) and functioning of living cell are also connected with the background condensate.
Key words: quantum cosmology, scaling, neutrino, qualia.
In the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory, the matter (energy) is produced continuously by the vacuum. Qmoger equations [1-3] differ from the Einstein equations of general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for the production of matter. In Qmoger, production of new particles from the background matter takes place in local bangs in a manner, which is described by exact general analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [4].
The simplest situation with production of matter is when averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In Ref. 5 a more general situation is considered with w=ρc²+p=w₀ (w - density of enthalpy, p - pressure, c - speed of light). Taking into account, that averaged pressure is small, for many purposes the dust approximation (p=0) is useful. In this case, the large-scale dynamics of the universe in Qmoger theory is determined by three physical parameters: gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})), #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP, includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [2, 3], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [6, 2, 3, 5] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. Solution (2) do not have any fitting parameters and quantitatively agrees with cosmic data [6, 2, 3, 5]. This solution also eliminates major controversies, such as critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass. With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[2, 3], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2} is the Planck scale. EDM of background particles can explain the baryon asymmetry in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry. It is shown [2, 3], that such particles form quantum condensate even for high temperature [2, 3].
In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [5], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
During formation of galaxies, in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new particles are synthesized. In these processes, instead of gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}≈10⁻²cm #3
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}((ħ/c))^{3/4}≈ 3. 13×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #4
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of first generation particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [7]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=((ħ/(ρ₀)))^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #5
could be associated with the neutrino oscillations. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of ultralight gravitons with indicated above tiny EDM [2, 3]. The averaged number of background particles interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can create waves in the background and temporary carry along coherent groups of background particles. This will affect its effective mass and flavor.
The new scaling predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹g^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹. #6
Note, that Qmoger theory with its seeping gravitons [2, 3] could also lead to correction of some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [8]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality.
The big bonus of Qmoger is the explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction between background dipolar condensate and the neuron system [9]. The action potentials of living cells, particularly, neurons [10], create traps and coherent patterns in the condensate, which we actually see and feel. By manipulating with action potentials and quantifying qualia response, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter.
References
[1] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[2] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[3] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in a (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Theor. Fiz., 57, 938--940 (1969) [Soviet Physics JETP, 30 (3), 512-513 (1970)], arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[5] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic processes in cosmology, astrophysics and at home (submitted for publication).
[6] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[8] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[9] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.
Friday, July 21, 2017
QUANTUM COSMOLOGY AND LIFE
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
In frame of the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), supported by cosmic data (without fitting), a new physically distinguished scale is obtained. This scale indicate a mechanism of formation new particles from the background matter. At the same time that scale corresponds to the size of a small living creature.
Key words: quantum cosmology, scaling, living cell, qualia.
In the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory, the matter (energy) is produced continuously by the vacuum. Qmoger equations [1-3] differ from the Einstein equations of general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for the production of matter. The simplest situation with production of matter is when averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In Ref. 4 a more general situation is considered with w=ρc²+p=w₀ (w - density of enthalpy, p - pressure, c - speed of light). Taking into account, that averaged pressure is small, for many purposes the dust approximation (p=0) is useful. In this case, the large-scale dynamics of the universe in Qmoger theory is determined by three physical parameters: gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})), #1
That scale L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [2, 3] is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [5, 2, 3] for the evolution of the universe, quantitatively supported by cosmic data (without fitting).
During formation of galaxies, local density of matter becomes large. New particles are synthesized and, eventually, life cells are produced. In these processes, instead of gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}. #2
We can rewrite (2) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³. #3
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This can indicate a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. At the same time, l_{∗}∼0.1mm is comparable with the size of a small living creature. This fits well in explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction of background matter (in Qmoger theory) with the neuron system [6]. Indeed, background particles are ultralight (with mass m₀=ħ(cL_{∗})⁻¹≈5⋅10⁻⁶⁷gram), have tiny electric dipole moment d∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{5/2}sec⁻¹ and form quantum condensate even for high temperature [2, 3]. Action potentials of neurons [7] can manipulate with such particles, create traps and coherent patterns. The huge number of degrees of freedom, necessary for qualia, is supplied by the number of particles N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10²⁴. Besides qualia, some other mysteries of living cell could also be connected with the background quantum condensate in the Qmoger framework.
References
[1] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[2] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[3] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic processes in cosmology, astrophysics and at home (submitted for publication).
[5] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[6] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
In frame of the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), supported by cosmic data (without fitting), a new physically distinguished scale is obtained. This scale indicate a mechanism of formation new particles from the background matter. At the same time that scale corresponds to the size of a small living creature.
Key words: quantum cosmology, scaling, living cell, qualia.
In the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory, the matter (energy) is produced continuously by the vacuum. Qmoger equations [1-3] differ from the Einstein equations of general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for the production of matter. The simplest situation with production of matter is when averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In Ref. 4 a more general situation is considered with w=ρc²+p=w₀ (w - density of enthalpy, p - pressure, c - speed of light). Taking into account, that averaged pressure is small, for many purposes the dust approximation (p=0) is useful. In this case, the large-scale dynamics of the universe in Qmoger theory is determined by three physical parameters: gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})), #1
That scale L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [2, 3] is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [5, 2, 3] for the evolution of the universe, quantitatively supported by cosmic data (without fitting).
During formation of galaxies, local density of matter becomes large. New particles are synthesized and, eventually, life cells are produced. In these processes, instead of gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}. #2
We can rewrite (2) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³. #3
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This can indicate a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. At the same time, l_{∗}∼0.1mm is comparable with the size of a small living creature. This fits well in explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction of background matter (in Qmoger theory) with the neuron system [6]. Indeed, background particles are ultralight (with mass m₀=ħ(cL_{∗})⁻¹≈5⋅10⁻⁶⁷gram), have tiny electric dipole moment d∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{5/2}sec⁻¹ and form quantum condensate even for high temperature [2, 3]. Action potentials of neurons [7] can manipulate with such particles, create traps and coherent patterns. The huge number of degrees of freedom, necessary for qualia, is supplied by the number of particles N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10²⁴. Besides qualia, some other mysteries of living cell could also be connected with the background quantum condensate in the Qmoger framework.
References
[1] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[2] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[3] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic processes in cosmology, astrophysics and at home (submitted for publication).
[5] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[6] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.
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