BRAIN STIMULATION WITH NEUTRINOS
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
A possibility of brain stimulation with neutrinos is discussed.
Recently, based on the quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger) [1, 2], it was discovered [3-5] that phenomena of subjectivity (qualia) have something in common with oscillations of neutrinos - mutual transformations of the three flavors of neutrinos [6]. Both phenomena are examples of interface between the dark and the ordinary matter (Idom), introduced in Ref. 3.
The Compton wavelength of neutrino was estimated [4, 5]:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗}))≈10⁻²cm. #1
Here ħ is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light and m_{∗} is the mass of neutrino [4, 5]:
m_{∗}=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 13⋅10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #2
We use the averaged mass density of the universe ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the controversial dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger [1, 2]. The mass of neutrino satisfies the experimental bound [6].
The wavelength l_{∗} is comparable with the size of neuron cluster, which is expected to be capable of producing sufficiently rich qualia. Humans are continuously subjected to the neutrino showers from the sun and other cosmic sources [6]. Seemingly random jumps of our memory could be related to interaction with neutrinos. In any case, it will be interesting to study these interactions in a controlled laboratory setting by using artificial sources of neutrinos [6]. The possible gain, apart of the scientific inquire, is a new tool for healing and stimulation of the brain.
References
[1] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[2] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016)
[3] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Feeding the universe, qualia and neutrino, submitted for publication, posted at viXra: 1708.0116.
[5] E. A. Novikov, Feeding the universe, quantum scaling and stable neutrino, submitted for publication, posted at viXra: 1708.0213.
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
Monday, August 21, 2017
Wednesday, August 16, 2017
FEEDING THE UNIVERSE, QUANTUM SCALING AND STABLE NEUTRINOS
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), it is shown, that the Vacuum is continuously feeding the universe with ultralight particles (vacumo). Vacumos are transforming into more heavy (but still ultralight) gravitons, which form quantum condensate even for high temperature. The condensate, under gravitational pressure in galaxies, produces and expels from the hot places the first generation of "ordinary" massive fermions, which are identified with neutrinos. It explains the stability of all three neutrinos (a puzzle in the Standard Model). The mass of neutrino, estimated in terms of a new scaling in Qmoger, satisfies the experimental bound. The oscillations of neutrino are explained in terms of interaction with the background condensate of gravitons. The electric dipole moment of neutrino is also estimated. The situation with neutrinos is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), introduced before in explanation of the phenomena of subjectivity.
In the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory (BB) [1], the matter (energy) is continuously produced by the Vacuum. The Qmoger equations differs from the Einstein equations of the general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for production (absorption) of matter [2-4]. These works were presided by invention of a new type of fluid, namely the dynamics of distributed sources-sinks [5, 6], which, in turn was presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [7]. Qmoger theory was motivated by many deficiencies of BB [1-4, 8]. The additional terms in Qmoger equations take into account the space-time divergency (stretching), the effect of which is comparable with the effect of the space-time curvature in the Einstein theory. The additional motivation of Qmoger is that the Standard Model [9], principally, can not predict absolute values of masses for observable particles, while Qmoger can do this (see below).
The simples situation with continuous production of matter from the Vacuum is when the averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In more general situation [10] the averaged density of enthalpy is constant: w=ε+p=w₀, where ε=ρc² is the energy density, p is the pressure and c is the speed of light. The pressure can be high in stars. But the averaged pressure in the universe is small and the dust approximation (p=0) is useful in many situations. In this case, the main parameters in the Qmoger theory are: the gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique length scale:
L_{∗}=c(Gρ₀)^{-1/2} #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP, includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [3, 4], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [11, 3, 4] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because currently a(τ) is relatively close to its maximum (see below). In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [10], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
Solution (2) does not have any fitting parameters and is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data [11, 3]. This solution eliminates major controversies - critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c [11]. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass (unlike photon). With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d₀∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[3, 4], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2}≈1.6⋅10⁻³⁷cm is the Planck scale. EDM of background gravitons can explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe (prevalence of particles over antiparticles) in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry. It is shown [3, 4]], that such particles form quantum condensate even for high temperature. The concentration of particles n and characteristic scale are:
n=ρ₀/m₀≈5⋅10³⁶, l=n^{-1/3}≈2.7⋅10⁻¹³cm. #3
According to (2), the universe was born in the infinite past (a(-∞)=0) from small fluctuation. But, formula (2) is solution of Qmoger differential equations for the space-time metric, which is assumed to be smooth. The smooth metric we can expect only starting with condition a=l_{P}. It is natural to associate this condition with the beginning of the universe in frame of the Qmoger theory. From that condition, using (2), we get time [3, 4]: t₁≈-327 billion years. The mass of the embryonic universe can be estimated by M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram. This result suggest existence of particles (or quasiparticles) with much smaller mass than m₀ (see also below). Any such particle we will call vacumo. It seems reasonable to suggest, that Vacuum is feeding universe with vacumos.
The next important step in the evolution of the universe is the production of gravitons with indicated above mass m₀. The corresponding condition is: a=l. In this case, (2) gives [4] : t₂≈-284 billion years. So, it took about 43 billion years of nurturing the universe to accommodate it for production of gravitons. It seems natural, that the feeding comes from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not have to be equipped with a metric. The mature universe transforms vacumos into gravitons, which form the background quantum condensate. Size of the universe (2) riches the maximum a_{max}≈ 1. 32 a₀ at time t_{max}=(L_{∗}²H₀)/(4πc)≈ 12. 6 billion years. It was shown [11], that universe is globally stable during expansion (-∞t_{max}.
During formation of galaxies (in a manner described in Ref. 7), in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new "ordinary"particles (including photons) are synthesized. In these processes, instead of G, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. Note, that in the Standard Model [9], from parameters ħ and c one can not construct a mass, a length scale or such characteristics as EDM. So, Standard Model, principally, can not predict absolute values of masses for observable particles and corresponding scales. In Qmoger, from c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=ħ^{1/4}(cρ₀)^{-1/4}≈10⁻²cm. #4
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 1326×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #5
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background gravitons. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of the first generation of "ordinary" massive particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. It is easy to expel such particles from the hot places if they are fermions, obeying the Pauly exclusion principle. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [12]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=(ħ/ρ₀)^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #6
could be associated with formation and acceleration (c/t_{∗}∼ 8. 46⋅10²²cms⁻²) of neutrino, as well to the neutrino oscillations [12]. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of described above ultralight dipolar gravitons. The averaged number of gravitons interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can temporary carry along a coherent group of gravitons (perhaps, in a form of vortex ring). This can influence the effective mass and the flavor of neutrino [12]. The stability of all three neutrinos was unexplainable in frames of Standard Model. But, in frames of Qmoger, the stability seems natural for the first generation of particles, produced by the background gravitons. The new scaling also predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d_{∗}=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹gram^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹, #7
which is much bigger than indicated above EDM of graviton. Note, that Qmoger with its seeping gravitons could also correct some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, such as inequivalent representations [13]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representation of reality.
The situation with neutrino is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), which was introduced in Ref. 14 in explanation of the phenomena of qualia ( subjective experiences). In future, we can combine the achievements of the Standard Model and the quantum field theory with Qmoger and new scaling. This will open new directions of research in physics and biology.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[6] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[8] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model
[10] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication)
[11] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Bing Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[13] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[14] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), it is shown, that the Vacuum is continuously feeding the universe with ultralight particles (vacumo). Vacumos are transforming into more heavy (but still ultralight) gravitons, which form quantum condensate even for high temperature. The condensate, under gravitational pressure in galaxies, produces and expels from the hot places the first generation of "ordinary" massive fermions, which are identified with neutrinos. It explains the stability of all three neutrinos (a puzzle in the Standard Model). The mass of neutrino, estimated in terms of a new scaling in Qmoger, satisfies the experimental bound. The oscillations of neutrino are explained in terms of interaction with the background condensate of gravitons. The electric dipole moment of neutrino is also estimated. The situation with neutrinos is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), introduced before in explanation of the phenomena of subjectivity.
In the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory (BB) [1], the matter (energy) is continuously produced by the Vacuum. The Qmoger equations differs from the Einstein equations of the general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for production (absorption) of matter [2-4]. These works were presided by invention of a new type of fluid, namely the dynamics of distributed sources-sinks [5, 6], which, in turn was presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [7]. Qmoger theory was motivated by many deficiencies of BB [1-4, 8]. The additional terms in Qmoger equations take into account the space-time divergency (stretching), the effect of which is comparable with the effect of the space-time curvature in the Einstein theory. The additional motivation of Qmoger is that the Standard Model [9], principally, can not predict absolute values of masses for observable particles, while Qmoger can do this (see below).
The simples situation with continuous production of matter from the Vacuum is when the averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In more general situation [10] the averaged density of enthalpy is constant: w=ε+p=w₀, where ε=ρc² is the energy density, p is the pressure and c is the speed of light. The pressure can be high in stars. But the averaged pressure in the universe is small and the dust approximation (p=0) is useful in many situations. In this case, the main parameters in the Qmoger theory are: the gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique length scale:
L_{∗}=c(Gρ₀)^{-1/2} #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP, includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [3, 4], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [11, 3, 4] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because currently a(τ) is relatively close to its maximum (see below). In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [10], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
Solution (2) does not have any fitting parameters and is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data [11, 3]. This solution eliminates major controversies - critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c [11]. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass (unlike photon). With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d₀∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[3, 4], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2}≈1.6⋅10⁻³⁷cm is the Planck scale. EDM of background gravitons can explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe (prevalence of particles over antiparticles) in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry. It is shown [3, 4]], that such particles form quantum condensate even for high temperature. The concentration of particles n and characteristic scale are:
n=ρ₀/m₀≈5⋅10³⁶, l=n^{-1/3}≈2.7⋅10⁻¹³cm. #3
According to (2), the universe was born in the infinite past (a(-∞)=0) from small fluctuation. But, formula (2) is solution of Qmoger differential equations for the space-time metric, which is assumed to be smooth. The smooth metric we can expect only starting with condition a=l_{P}. It is natural to associate this condition with the beginning of the universe in frame of the Qmoger theory. From that condition, using (2), we get time [3, 4]: t₁≈-327 billion years. The mass of the embryonic universe can be estimated by M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram. This result suggest existence of particles (or quasiparticles) with much smaller mass than m₀ (see also below). Any such particle we will call vacumo. It seems reasonable to suggest, that Vacuum is feeding universe with vacumos.
The next important step in the evolution of the universe is the production of gravitons with indicated above mass m₀. The corresponding condition is: a=l. In this case, (2) gives [4] : t₂≈-284 billion years. So, it took about 43 billion years of nurturing the universe to accommodate it for production of gravitons. It seems natural, that the feeding comes from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not have to be equipped with a metric. The mature universe transforms vacumos into gravitons, which form the background quantum condensate. Size of the universe (2) riches the maximum a_{max}≈ 1. 32 a₀ at time t_{max}=(L_{∗}²H₀)/(4πc)≈ 12. 6 billion years. It was shown [11], that universe is globally stable during expansion (-∞
During formation of galaxies (in a manner described in Ref. 7), in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new "ordinary"particles (including photons) are synthesized. In these processes, instead of G, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. Note, that in the Standard Model [9], from parameters ħ and c one can not construct a mass, a length scale or such characteristics as EDM. So, Standard Model, principally, can not predict absolute values of masses for observable particles and corresponding scales. In Qmoger, from c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=ħ^{1/4}(cρ₀)^{-1/4}≈10⁻²cm. #4
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}(ħ/c)^{3/4}≈ 3. 1326×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #5
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background gravitons. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of the first generation of "ordinary" massive particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. It is easy to expel such particles from the hot places if they are fermions, obeying the Pauly exclusion principle. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [12]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=(ħ/ρ₀)^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #6
could be associated with formation and acceleration (c/t_{∗}∼ 8. 46⋅10²²cms⁻²) of neutrino, as well to the neutrino oscillations [12]. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of described above ultralight dipolar gravitons. The averaged number of gravitons interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can temporary carry along a coherent group of gravitons (perhaps, in a form of vortex ring). This can influence the effective mass and the flavor of neutrino [12]. The stability of all three neutrinos was unexplainable in frames of Standard Model. But, in frames of Qmoger, the stability seems natural for the first generation of particles, produced by the background gravitons. The new scaling also predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d_{∗}=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹gram^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹, #7
which is much bigger than indicated above EDM of graviton. Note, that Qmoger with its seeping gravitons could also correct some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, such as inequivalent representations [13]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representation of reality.
The situation with neutrino is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), which was introduced in Ref. 14 in explanation of the phenomena of qualia ( subjective experiences). In future, we can combine the achievements of the Standard Model and the quantum field theory with Qmoger and new scaling. This will open new directions of research in physics and biology.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[6] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[8] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model
[10] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication)
[11] S. G. Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Bing Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., 111(5),731-743 (2010) [Zhur. Eksper. Theor. Fiz.,138(5), 830-843 (2010)]; arXiv:1012.0241v1 [gr-qc].
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[13] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[14] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
Tuesday, August 8, 2017
FEEDING THE UNIVERSE, QUALIA AND NEUTRINO
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), it is shown, that Vacuum is continuously feeding the universe and partially merge with it, not unlike an ovary with a fruit. Subjective experiences (qualia) are considered in frames of the Qmoger theory. A relation is found between qualia and the neutrino oscillations.
1. Introduction
The level of a civilization, to a high degree, is determined by its cosmology. The phenomenon of qualia (subjective experiences) is the most sophisticated achievement of the developing universe. In order to understand the physical nature of qualia, we need an adequate cosmology.
In the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory (BB) [1], the matter (energy) is continuously produced by the Vacuum. The Qmoger equations differs from the Einstein equations of the general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for production (absorption) of matter [2-4]. These works were presided by invention of a new type of fluid, namely the dynamics of distributed sources-sinks [5, 6], which, in turn was presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [7]. Qmoger theory was motivated by many deficiencies of BB [1-4, 8]. The additional terms in Qmoger equations take into account the space-time divergency (stretching), the effect of which is comparable with the effect of the space-time curvature in the Einstein theory. Qmoger theory is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data, without fitting. At the same time, Qmoger eliminates major controversies of BB, such as the critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) [9] and inflation [10]. The situation with BB now is not unlike the situation with the geocentric model of Ptolemy [11]. BB inspired many important observations and useful theoretical works. But the theory, during almost 100 years of attempts to save the BB from contradictions with cosmic data, becomes too cumbersome and involves a lot of additional assumptions. It is time to move on. Qmoger is not limited to cosmology. In previous work [12] an explanation of qualia was initiated in frame of Qmoger. In this paper we are going one step deeper into details. Particularly, it turns out that qualia is related to the mysterious particle neutrino and its oscillations [13].
2 Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger)
The simples situation with continuous production of matter from the Vacuum is when the averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In more general situation [14] the averaged density of enthalpy is constant: w=ε+p=w₀, where ε=ρc² is the energy density, p is the pressure and c is the speed of light. The pressure can be high in stars. But the averaged pressure in the universe is small and the dust approximation (p=0) is useful in many situations. In this case, the main parameters in the Qmoger theory are: the gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique length scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})) #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP [15], includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [3, 4], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [16, 3, 4] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because a(τ) is currently relatively close to its maximum (see below). In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [14], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
Solution (2) does not have any fitting parameters and is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data [16, 3, 14]. This solution eliminates the mentioned above major controversies - critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c [16]. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass (unlike photon). With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[3, 4], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2}≈1.6⋅10⁻³⁷cm is the Planck scale. EDM of background gravitons can explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe [17] (prevalence of particles over antiparticles) in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry [18]. It is shown [3, 4]], that such particles form quantum condensate [19] even for high temperature. The concentration of particles n and characteristic scale are:
n=((ρ₀)/(m₀))≈5⋅10³⁶, l=n^{-1/3}≈2.7⋅10⁻¹³cm. #3
3. Feeding the universe
According to (2), the universe was born in the infinite past (a(-∞)=0) from small fluctuation. But, formula (2) is solution of Qmoger differential equations for the space-time metric, which is assumed to be smooth. The smooth metric we can expect only starting with condition a=l_{P}. It is natural to associate this condition with the beginning of the universe in frame of the Qmoger theory. From that condition, using (2), we get time [4]: t₁≈-327 billion years. The mass of the embryonic universe can be estimated by M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram. This result suggest existence of particles (or quasiparticles) with much smaller mass than m₀ (see also below). Any such particle we will call vacumo. It seems reasonable to suggest, that Vacuum is feeding universe with vacumos.
The next important step in the evolution of the universe is the production of gravitons with indicated above mass m₀. The corresponding condition is: a=l. In this case, (2) gives [4] : t₂≈-284 billion years. So, it took about 43 billion years of nurturing the universe to accommodate it for production of gravitons. The union of the universe with the part of the Vacuum, attached to it and equipped with the same smooth metric, we will call Vuniverse. This is not unlike the situation with the ovary of a fruit. It seems natural, that the feeding comes from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not have to be equipped with a metric. The mature Vuniverse transforms vacumos into gravitons, which form the background quantum condensate. Vuniverse combines the material universe with a nonmaterial entity, which we will call metrical Vacuum. This will help to explain qualia and other mysterious phenomena (see below).
Size of the universe (2) riches the maximum a_{max}≈ 1. 32 a₀ at time t_{max}=(L_{∗}²H₀)/(4πc)≈ 12. 57 billion years. It was shown [16], that universe is globally stable during expansion (-∞t_{max}.
4. Feeding the humankind
In the previous section we discuss how the Vacuum feeds the universe. That supply of energy eventually reaches the humankind indirectly, particularly, in the form of solar radiation or petroleum. But we need more sources of energy. If we can manage to squeeze the background dipolar condensate of gravitons, say, by using electromagnetic field, we can get an eternal source of energy on Earth.
5 New quantum scaling
During formation of galaxies, in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new particles (including photons) are synthesized. In these processes, instead of the gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}≈10⁻²cm. #4
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}((ħ/c))^{3/4}≈ 3. 1326×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #5
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of the first generation particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [13]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=((ħ/(ρ₀)))^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #6
could be associated with formation and acceleration (c/t_{∗}∼ 8. 46⋅10²²cms⁻²) of neutrino, as well to the neutrino oscillations [13]. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of described above ultralight dipolar gravitons. The averaged number of gravitons interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can create waves in the background and temporary carry along coherent groups of gravitons. This will influence the effective mass and the flavor of neutrino [13]. This is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), introduced in Ref. 12 (see below).
The new scaling predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹g^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹, #7
which is much bigger that indicated above EDM of graviton. Note, that Qmoger theory with its seeping gravitons [3, 4] could lead to correction of some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [20]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality.
6. Qualia
In the light of presented above results, we can expand the explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction between background dipolar condensate and the neuron system [12]. The action potentials of living cells, particularly, neurons [21], create traps and coherent patterns in the condensate, which we actually see and feel (see below). The new scale l_{∗} (4) seems to be appropriate for the size of the neuron cluster, which produces sophisticated qualia. The necessary for qualia huge number of degrees of freedom is supplied by the indicated above number of gravitons N_{∗}. It would not be surprising if the oscillating neutrino, which interacts with gravitons (see above), play a role in qualia along with the action potential of neurons.
By manipulating with action potentials and quantifying qualia response, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter, including gravitons.
The introduced above concept of Vuniverse, which combines the material universe with the metric Vacuum, helps us to understand the nonmaterial part of introduced in Ref.12 interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom). Indeed, it seems, that the location of qualia with its components (sensations, emotions and reflections) is in the metrical Vacuum. This nonmaterial entity is hovering over the matter, particularly, over the neuron system. Having the Qmoger equations for the metric and some information about the neural systems, provided by the neuroscience, we can do a quantitative study of qualia.
7. Conclusions
Qualia and neutrino oscillations are just two examples of Idoms - interfaces between dark and ordinary matter. We can expect that many other mysteries of physics and biology will be explained in terms of the described above Qmoger theory and metrical Vacuum.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[6] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[8] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model
[12] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[14] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication)
[15] https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry
[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_symmetry
[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate
[20] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[21] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.
Evgeny A. Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093 -0328; E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), it is shown, that Vacuum is continuously feeding the universe and partially merge with it, not unlike an ovary with a fruit. Subjective experiences (qualia) are considered in frames of the Qmoger theory. A relation is found between qualia and the neutrino oscillations.
1. Introduction
The level of a civilization, to a high degree, is determined by its cosmology. The phenomenon of qualia (subjective experiences) is the most sophisticated achievement of the developing universe. In order to understand the physical nature of qualia, we need an adequate cosmology.
In the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), in contrast with the conventional Big Bang theory (BB) [1], the matter (energy) is continuously produced by the Vacuum. The Qmoger equations differs from the Einstein equations of the general relativity by two additional terms, responsible for production (absorption) of matter [2-4]. These works were presided by invention of a new type of fluid, namely the dynamics of distributed sources-sinks [5, 6], which, in turn was presided by exact analytical solution of the (1+1)-dimensional Newtonian gravitation [7]. Qmoger theory was motivated by many deficiencies of BB [1-4, 8]. The additional terms in Qmoger equations take into account the space-time divergency (stretching), the effect of which is comparable with the effect of the space-time curvature in the Einstein theory. Qmoger theory is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data, without fitting. At the same time, Qmoger eliminates major controversies of BB, such as the critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) [9] and inflation [10]. The situation with BB now is not unlike the situation with the geocentric model of Ptolemy [11]. BB inspired many important observations and useful theoretical works. But the theory, during almost 100 years of attempts to save the BB from contradictions with cosmic data, becomes too cumbersome and involves a lot of additional assumptions. It is time to move on. Qmoger is not limited to cosmology. In previous work [12] an explanation of qualia was initiated in frame of Qmoger. In this paper we are going one step deeper into details. Particularly, it turns out that qualia is related to the mysterious particle neutrino and its oscillations [13].
2 Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger)
The simples situation with continuous production of matter from the Vacuum is when the averaged density of matter is constant: ρ=ρ₀. In more general situation [14] the averaged density of enthalpy is constant: w=ε+p=w₀, where ε=ρc² is the energy density, p is the pressure and c is the speed of light. The pressure can be high in stars. But the averaged pressure in the universe is small and the dust approximation (p=0) is useful in many situations. In this case, the main parameters in the Qmoger theory are: the gravitational constant G, c and ρ₀. From these parameters we have unique length scale:
L_{∗}=(c/((Gρ₀)^{1/2})) #1
We use value ρ₀≈2.6⋅10⁻³⁰gcm⁻³, which, according to WMAP [15], includes ordinary and dark matter. We do not include the dark energy, which does not exist in Qmoger (see below). (1) gives L_{∗}≈76 billion light years (bly) [3, 4], which is comparable with the current size of the visible universe a₀≈46.5 bly. Qmoger equations have corresponding exact analytical solution [16, 3, 4] for the scale factor a in homogeneous and isotropic universe:
a(τ)=a₀exp[H₀τ-2π(τ/L_{∗})²],τ=ct, #2
where H₀ is the Hubble constant, divided by c, which is the current value of function H(τ)=d(ln a)/dτ. Remarkably, L_{∗}H₀≈2.6. The temporal scale H₀⁻¹ and the eternal scale L_{∗} are of the same order because a(τ) is currently relatively close to its maximum (see below). In the isenthalpic case (w=w₀), which takes into account radiation [14], Qmoger equations have the same solution (2) with L_{w}=c²(Gw₀)^{-1/2}instead of L_{∗}. These two scales are very close because averaged pressure in small.
Solution (2) does not have any fitting parameters and is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data [16, 3, 14]. This solution eliminates the mentioned above major controversies - critical density of the universe, dark energy (cosmological constant) and inflation.
In nonrelativistic regime, Qmoger reproduces Newtonian dynamics, but the speed of the gravitational waves can be different from c [16]. This give us a hint, that gravitons have mass (unlike photon). With scale (1) we associate gravitons with mass m₀=ħ/(cL_{∗})∼0.5⋅10⁻⁶⁶gram and electric dipole moment (EDM) d∼m₀^{1/2}l_{P}^{3/2}c∼2⋅10⁻⁷²gram^{1/2}cm^{1/2}s⁻¹[3, 4], where l_{P} =(ħG/c³)^{1/2}≈1.6⋅10⁻³⁷cm is the Planck scale. EDM of background gravitons can explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe [17] (prevalence of particles over antiparticles) in terms of breaking the reflection symmetry [18]. It is shown [3, 4]], that such particles form quantum condensate [19] even for high temperature. The concentration of particles n and characteristic scale are:
n=((ρ₀)/(m₀))≈5⋅10³⁶, l=n^{-1/3}≈2.7⋅10⁻¹³cm. #3
3. Feeding the universe
According to (2), the universe was born in the infinite past (a(-∞)=0) from small fluctuation. But, formula (2) is solution of Qmoger differential equations for the space-time metric, which is assumed to be smooth. The smooth metric we can expect only starting with condition a=l_{P}. It is natural to associate this condition with the beginning of the universe in frame of the Qmoger theory. From that condition, using (2), we get time [4]: t₁≈-327 billion years. The mass of the embryonic universe can be estimated by M₁=ρ₀l_{P}³≈10⁻¹²⁸gram. This result suggest existence of particles (or quasiparticles) with much smaller mass than m₀ (see also below). Any such particle we will call vacumo. It seems reasonable to suggest, that Vacuum is feeding universe with vacumos.
The next important step in the evolution of the universe is the production of gravitons with indicated above mass m₀. The corresponding condition is: a=l. In this case, (2) gives [4] : t₂≈-284 billion years. So, it took about 43 billion years of nurturing the universe to accommodate it for production of gravitons. The union of the universe with the part of the Vacuum, attached to it and equipped with the same smooth metric, we will call Vuniverse. This is not unlike the situation with the ovary of a fruit. It seems natural, that the feeding comes from an external part of the Vacuum, which do not have to be equipped with a metric. The mature Vuniverse transforms vacumos into gravitons, which form the background quantum condensate. Vuniverse combines the material universe with a nonmaterial entity, which we will call metrical Vacuum. This will help to explain qualia and other mysterious phenomena (see below).
Size of the universe (2) riches the maximum a_{max}≈ 1. 32 a₀ at time t_{max}=(L_{∗}²H₀)/(4πc)≈ 12. 57 billion years. It was shown [16], that universe is globally stable during expansion (-∞
4. Feeding the humankind
In the previous section we discuss how the Vacuum feeds the universe. That supply of energy eventually reaches the humankind indirectly, particularly, in the form of solar radiation or petroleum. But we need more sources of energy. If we can manage to squeeze the background dipolar condensate of gravitons, say, by using electromagnetic field, we can get an eternal source of energy on Earth.
5 New quantum scaling
During formation of galaxies, in stars and in hot planets (Jupiter, Saturn), the local density of matter becomes large and new particles (including photons) are synthesized. In these processes, instead of the gravitational constant, the Planck constant ħ becomes important. From c, ħ and ρ₀, we now have unique scale:
l_{∗}=((ħ/(cρ₀)))^{1/4}≈10⁻²cm. #4
We can rewrite (3) in the form:
l_{∗}=(ħ/(cm_{∗})), m_{∗}=ρ₀l_{∗}³=ρ₀^{1/4}((ħ/c))^{3/4}≈ 3. 1326×10⁻³⁶gram≈1.76⋅10⁻³eV/c². #5
So, scale l_{∗} corresponds to the Compton wavelength of a particle with mass of background matter occupying volume of size l_{∗}. This indicates a mechanism of formation new particles from background matter. Mass m_{∗} is determined uniquely by the new scaling. Apparently, it is a typical mass of the first generation particles, produced by indicated mechanism from the background condensate. Among the experimentally observed particles, neutrino is the best candidate for being produced in this way. Indeed, mass m_{∗} corresponds to experimental bound for the mass of neutrino [13]. The time scale:
t_{∗}=((ħ/(ρ₀)))^{1/4}c^{-5/4}≈3.3⋅10⁻¹³s #6
could be associated with formation and acceleration (c/t_{∗}∼ 8. 46⋅10²²cms⁻²) of neutrino, as well to the neutrino oscillations [13]. The physics of these oscillations can be related to interaction of neutrino with the background condensate of described above ultralight dipolar gravitons. The averaged number of gravitons interacting with such neutrino can be estimated by N_{∗}=m_{∗}/m₀∼10³⁰. During a flight, neutrino can create waves in the background and temporary carry along coherent groups of gravitons. This will influence the effective mass and the flavor of neutrino [13]. This is an example of interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom), introduced in Ref. 12 (see below).
The new scaling predict EDM for neutrino or similar particles:
d=ħ^{3/4}c^{1/4}ρ₀^{-1/4}≈5. 8⋅10⁻¹¹g^{1/2}cm^{5/2}s⁻¹, #7
which is much bigger that indicated above EDM of graviton. Note, that Qmoger theory with its seeping gravitons [3, 4] could lead to correction of some deficiencies of the quantum field theory, particularly, the inequivalent representations [20]. Indeed, the active background can eliminate unstable representations of reality.
6. Qualia
In the light of presented above results, we can expand the explanation of subjective experiences (qualia) in terms of interaction between background dipolar condensate and the neuron system [12]. The action potentials of living cells, particularly, neurons [21], create traps and coherent patterns in the condensate, which we actually see and feel (see below). The new scale l_{∗} (4) seems to be appropriate for the size of the neuron cluster, which produces sophisticated qualia. The necessary for qualia huge number of degrees of freedom is supplied by the indicated above number of gravitons N_{∗}. It would not be surprising if the oscillating neutrino, which interacts with gravitons (see above), play a role in qualia along with the action potential of neurons.
By manipulating with action potentials and quantifying qualia response, we can open a new window into the dark sector of matter, including gravitons.
The introduced above concept of Vuniverse, which combines the material universe with the metric Vacuum, helps us to understand the nonmaterial part of introduced in Ref.12 interface between dark and ordinary matter (Idom). Indeed, it seems, that the location of qualia with its components (sensations, emotions and reflections) is in the metrical Vacuum. This nonmaterial entity is hovering over the matter, particularly, over the neuron system. Having the Qmoger equations for the metric and some information about the neural systems, provided by the neuroscience, we can do a quantitative study of qualia.
7. Conclusions
Qualia and neutrino oscillations are just two examples of Idoms - interfaces between dark and ordinary matter. We can expect that many other mysteries of physics and biology will be explained in terms of the described above Qmoger theory and metrical Vacuum.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2] E. A. Novikov, Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[3] E. A. Novikov, Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum, Modern Physics Letters A, 31, No. 15, 1650092 (5 pages) (2016).
[4] E. A. Novikov, Quantum modification of general relativity, Electr. J. Theoretical Physics, 13, No. 35, 79-90, (2016).
[5] E. A. Novikov, Dynamics of distributed sources, Physics of Fluids 15, L65 (2003).
[6] E. A. Novikov, Distributed sources, accelerated universe and quantum entanglement, arXiv:nonlin.PS/0511040.
[7] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[8] Steinhardt, Paul J. The inflation debate: Is the theory at heart of modern cosmology deeply flawed?, Scientific American, April; pp. 18-25 (2011).
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model
[12] E. A. Novikov, Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement, NeuroQuantology, v. 14, issue 4, 677-682 (2016).
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
[14] E. A. Novikov, Isenthalpic universe (submitted for publication)
[15] https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry
[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_symmetry
[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate
[20] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/#DefStaForQFT
[21] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential.
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