GRAVITATIONAL WAVES BACKGROUND DUE TO COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE SPACETIME
Evgeny A Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits Institute, LaJolla, CA 92093-0328,
E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
The recently observed gravitational wave background is explained in terms of the quantum modification of the general relativity.
Keywords
Gravitational wave background, quantum modification of the general relativity, compressibility of the spacetime.
Introduction
Recently detected gravitational waves background (GWB) [1] remains a mystery, despite several suggested sources of it [1]. In this letter, GWB is naturally explained by the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger), initiated in Ref. [2]. The essence of Qmoger is that the spacetime is not only curved (Einstein), but also compressible, which leads to new dynamics of matter/energy production/absorption by the quantum vacuum [2]. This effect was also supported by simple consideration [3], indicating that presence of the quantum vacuum is hardly consisted with exact conservation of energy, which is for classical general relativity ( see, for example, textbook [4]) . Developments and applications of Qmoger are in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data, including the accelerated expansion of the universe and recently observed early galaxies, without fitting parameters [5-10].
GWB in Qmoger
It is reasonable to expect, that feeding the universe, connected in Qmoger with compressibility of the spacetime, should create gravitational waves, not unlike waves on a lake in a rainy day. Indeed, in Qmoger, in the weak-field limit, we have two types of plane gravitational waves (see equations (18) and (19) in [5]). One is classical waves, connected with spacetime curvature, with ω/kc=±1, where ω,k,c are frequency, wave number and speed of light correspondingly. Another type of waves, connected to spacetime compressibility, are unstable in the weak-field limit with imaginary ω. It seems natural, that this second type of waves in Qmoger creates the observed stochastic GWB permeating the universe.
Conclusion
Gravitational wave background is natural in the quantum modification of the general relativity and connected to compressibility of the spacetime. In future, it will be interesting to consider these special gravitational waves in a nonlinear approximation for a more detailed comparison with observations of GWB and other phenomena, which could be related to compressibility of the spacetime. Particularly, on the list are recently observed minute-duration optical flares in "Tasmanian devil"[11], as well as some UFO [12].
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background
[2] Novikov, E.A. (2006) Vacuum Response to Cosmic Stretching: Accelerated Universe and Prevention of Singularity. arXiv:nlin/0608050
of GWB and other phenomena, which could be related to compressibility of the spacetime, particularly, with recently observed minute-duration optical flares in "Tasmanian devil"[11].
[3] Novikov, E.A. (2007) Random Shooting of Entangled Particles in Vacuum. arXiv:0707.3299
[4] Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M. (1975) The Classical Theory of Fields. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
[5] Chefranov, S.G. and Novikov, E.A. (2010) Hydrodynamical Vacuum Sources of Dark Matter Self-Generation without Big Bang. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 111, 731-743. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106377611011004X
[6] Novikov, E.A. (2016) Ultralight Gravitons with Tiny Electric Dipole Moment Are Seeping from the Vacuum. Modern Physics Letters A, 31, Article ID: 1650092.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217732316500929
[7] Novikov, E.A. (2016) Quantum Modification of General Relativity. Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics, 13, 79-90.
[8] Novikov, E.A. (2018) Emergence of the Laws of Nature in the Developing Entangled Universe. American Research Journal of Physics, 4, 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.21694/2380-5714.18001
[9] Novikov, E.A. (2019) Gravitational Angels. Bulletin of APS, 64, S01.00026.
[10] Novikov, E.A. (2023) Big Bang?, Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, Vol.9 No.4
Wednesday, November 8, 2023
Friday, August 11, 2023
COSMOLOGY
Evgeny A Novikov
(University of California- San Diego)
"No BB and No CC -
Gentle Feeding by QV!*"
*(BB - Big Bang, CC - Cosmological Constant, QV - Quantum Vacuum.)
Saturday, June 17, 2023
BIG BANG?
Evgeny A Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits institute, LaJolla, CA 92093-0328, E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on quantum modification of the general relativity ( Qmoger) and on recent observations of early galaxies, it is argued that the universe was created not by a singular Big Bang, but by a continuous dynamical process of production of matter/energy from the quantum vacuum. Important applications of this theory are indicated.
Key words: Big Bang, quantum modification of general relativity, early galaxies.
1 Introduction
The 100-years old dominating theory tells that our universe was created about 13.8 billion years ago by a singular Big Bang (BB) [1]. But, the BB theory has many problems [1]. Additionally, recent observations [2] discovered several well developed galaxies with ages too close to the time of conjectural BB [2]. One possibility to resolve this conundrum is to develop a new theory of quick formation and development of galaxies. In this letter we consider another possibility that the BB assumption is wrong.
From the classical Einstein equation of general relativity (GR) [3] follows strict conservation of energy. So, according to this equation, the universe can not be created, it can only exist forever, which was initial opinion of Einstein. But, Freedman obtained dynamical solution of this equation with initial singularity [1]. In response to this, Einstein introduced cosmological constant (CC) to make stationary solution, but later declared CC as his greatest blunder, when observations indicated expansion of the universe. Nevertheless, later CC was used in combination with the assumption of singular BB miracle, which seems to save the situation with GR and observations. Note, that BB was initially coined by Hoyle as a joke, but later it was considered seriously.
2 Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger)
Physically spiking, singularity of solution indicates, that theory needs some correction. Also, quantum vacuum is hardly consistent with strict conservation of energy [4].. Additionally, CC in the BB theory is ridiculously small. To correct all that, the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger) was initiated [5]. The development and applications of this theory [6-10] are in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data, including the accelerated expansion, without fitting parameters (see, particularly, Figure 1 in the Appendix [9]).
The essence of Qmoger is that the space-time is not only curved (Einstein), but also compressible with corresponding new dynamics of production/absorption of matter/energy from the quantum vacuum [5]. In Qmoger there is no singular BB, no CC and our universe is much older then in the BB theory. Mathematically, in Qmoger the universe was born infinite time ago. But physically, the age of the universe is about 327 billion years [8], when its size reached the Plank length l_{P}=ħ^{1/2}G^{1/2}c^{=3/2}≈1.6×10⁼³³cm, where ħ is the reduced Plank constant, G is the gravitational constant and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. The feeding of the universe by the quantum vacuum is very delicate and local energy conservation is emerging when locally there is sufficient energy, so that additional feeding can be neglected. But, in cosmic time-scales the feeding creates the universe.
Because of the feeding, the universe is the open (non-Hamiltonian) system. All laws are approximate and emerging along with the evolution of universe, with some sort of natural selection in a struggle with various instabilities. Initially, the (3+1)- dimensional space-time and ultralight gravitating (dark) matter was selected, as a stable system for the beginning, taking into account that the [1 (or 2)+1] -dimensional universes are collapsing [11].Then came quantum interaction ( entangled condensate) for additional stability. When the quantum condensate becomes gravitationally unstable (t_{cr}~ 187.5 billion ears ago) [9], the ordinary matter (photons, neutrinos and more heavy particles) where selected as an energy relieve from hot spots. In a sense, ordinary matter and we, the people, are a side effect of evolution of the dark universe in a struggle with gravitational instability. The quantum interaction of ordinary matter, apparently, was inherited from the background condensate. From the human point of view, the greatest achievement of the universe (so far) is the subjectivity (qualia), as an interface between quantum (dark) background and ordinary matter in our brain [12, 9].
3 Conclusion
According to Qmoger [9], indicated above t_{cr} marks start of forming embryonic stars and galaxies. So, galaxies had plenty of time to fully develop in agreement with observations [2]. We can expect observation of even more earlier galaxies.
The described paradigm has broad spectrum of applications from obvious (cosmology, quantum field theory, energy resources) to less obvious (health [12, 9], new forms of communications, weapons). Some developed civilizations in the universe may already master this paradigm (with various applications) and so should we.
References
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2]https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/webb-reveals-early-universe-prequel-to-huge-galaxy-cluster
[3] L. D Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, The classical theory of fields, Pergamon Press (1975).
[4] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Random shooting of entangled particles in vacuum", arXiv:0707.3299 (2007).
[5] E. A. Novikov "Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity", arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[6] S. G.Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., v.111(5) 731-743 (2010); arXiv:1012.0241 v 1 [gr-qc].
[7] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum", Modern Physics Letters A, v. 31, No. 15 (2016) 1650092 (5 pages).
[8] Evgeny A, Novikov, "Quantum modification of general relativity", Electron. J. Theoretical Physics, v. 13, No. 13 (2016) 79-90.
[9] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Emergence of the laws of nature in the developing entangled universe", American.Research J. of Physics, v.4(1), (2018), 1-9 (Appendix).
[10] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Gravitational angels", Bulletin of APS, v. 64 (3), S01.00026 (2019).
[11] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[12] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement", NeuroQuantology, December 2016, v. 14(4), 677-682.
Evgeny A Novikov
University of California - San Diego, BioCircuits institute, LaJolla, CA 92093-0328, E-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu
Abstract
Based on quantum modification of the general relativity ( Qmoger) and on recent observations of early galaxies, it is argued that the universe was created not by a singular Big Bang, but by a continuous dynamical process of production of matter/energy from the quantum vacuum. Important applications of this theory are indicated.
Key words: Big Bang, quantum modification of general relativity, early galaxies.
1 Introduction
The 100-years old dominating theory tells that our universe was created about 13.8 billion years ago by a singular Big Bang (BB) [1]. But, the BB theory has many problems [1]. Additionally, recent observations [2] discovered several well developed galaxies with ages too close to the time of conjectural BB [2]. One possibility to resolve this conundrum is to develop a new theory of quick formation and development of galaxies. In this letter we consider another possibility that the BB assumption is wrong.
From the classical Einstein equation of general relativity (GR) [3] follows strict conservation of energy. So, according to this equation, the universe can not be created, it can only exist forever, which was initial opinion of Einstein. But, Freedman obtained dynamical solution of this equation with initial singularity [1]. In response to this, Einstein introduced cosmological constant (CC) to make stationary solution, but later declared CC as his greatest blunder, when observations indicated expansion of the universe. Nevertheless, later CC was used in combination with the assumption of singular BB miracle, which seems to save the situation with GR and observations. Note, that BB was initially coined by Hoyle as a joke, but later it was considered seriously.
2 Quantum modification of general relativity (Qmoger)
Physically spiking, singularity of solution indicates, that theory needs some correction. Also, quantum vacuum is hardly consistent with strict conservation of energy [4].. Additionally, CC in the BB theory is ridiculously small. To correct all that, the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger) was initiated [5]. The development and applications of this theory [6-10] are in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data, including the accelerated expansion, without fitting parameters (see, particularly, Figure 1 in the Appendix [9]).
The essence of Qmoger is that the space-time is not only curved (Einstein), but also compressible with corresponding new dynamics of production/absorption of matter/energy from the quantum vacuum [5]. In Qmoger there is no singular BB, no CC and our universe is much older then in the BB theory. Mathematically, in Qmoger the universe was born infinite time ago. But physically, the age of the universe is about 327 billion years [8], when its size reached the Plank length l_{P}=ħ^{1/2}G^{1/2}c^{=3/2}≈1.6×10⁼³³cm, where ħ is the reduced Plank constant, G is the gravitational constant and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. The feeding of the universe by the quantum vacuum is very delicate and local energy conservation is emerging when locally there is sufficient energy, so that additional feeding can be neglected. But, in cosmic time-scales the feeding creates the universe.
Because of the feeding, the universe is the open (non-Hamiltonian) system. All laws are approximate and emerging along with the evolution of universe, with some sort of natural selection in a struggle with various instabilities. Initially, the (3+1)- dimensional space-time and ultralight gravitating (dark) matter was selected, as a stable system for the beginning, taking into account that the [1 (or 2)+1] -dimensional universes are collapsing [11].Then came quantum interaction ( entangled condensate) for additional stability. When the quantum condensate becomes gravitationally unstable (t_{cr}~ 187.5 billion ears ago) [9], the ordinary matter (photons, neutrinos and more heavy particles) where selected as an energy relieve from hot spots. In a sense, ordinary matter and we, the people, are a side effect of evolution of the dark universe in a struggle with gravitational instability. The quantum interaction of ordinary matter, apparently, was inherited from the background condensate. From the human point of view, the greatest achievement of the universe (so far) is the subjectivity (qualia), as an interface between quantum (dark) background and ordinary matter in our brain [12, 9].
3 Conclusion
According to Qmoger [9], indicated above t_{cr} marks start of forming embryonic stars and galaxies. So, galaxies had plenty of time to fully develop in agreement with observations [2]. We can expect observation of even more earlier galaxies.
The described paradigm has broad spectrum of applications from obvious (cosmology, quantum field theory, energy resources) to less obvious (health [12, 9], new forms of communications, weapons). Some developed civilizations in the universe may already master this paradigm (with various applications) and so should we.
References
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
[2]https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/webb-reveals-early-universe-prequel-to-huge-galaxy-cluster
[3] L. D Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, The classical theory of fields, Pergamon Press (1975).
[4] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Random shooting of entangled particles in vacuum", arXiv:0707.3299 (2007).
[5] E. A. Novikov "Vacuum response to cosmic stretching: accelerated universe and prevention of singularity", arXiv:nlin/06080050.
[6] S. G.Chefranov & E. A. Novikov, Hydrodynamical vacuum sources of dark matter self-generation without Big Bang, J. Exper. Theor. Phys., v.111(5) 731-743 (2010); arXiv:1012.0241 v 1 [gr-qc].
[7] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum", Modern Physics Letters A, v. 31, No. 15 (2016) 1650092 (5 pages).
[8] Evgeny A, Novikov, "Quantum modification of general relativity", Electron. J. Theoretical Physics, v. 13, No. 13 (2016) 79-90.
[9] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Emergence of the laws of nature in the developing entangled universe", American.Research J. of Physics, v.4(1), (2018), 1-9 (Appendix).
[10] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Gravitational angels", Bulletin of APS, v. 64 (3), S01.00026 (2019).
[11] E. A. Novikov, Nonlinear evolution of disturbances in (1+1)-dimensional universe, Zh. Exper. Teor. Fiz. 57, 938 (1969) [Sov. Phys. JETP. 30 (3), 512 (1970)]; arXiv:1001,3709 [physics.gen-ph].
[12] Evgeny A. Novikov, "Gravicommunication, subjectivity and quantum entanglement", NeuroQuantology, December 2016, v. 14(4), 677-682.
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